In this paper we discuss requirements for peer-to-peer (P2P) benchmarking, and we present two exemplary approaches to benchmarks for Distributed Hashtables (DHT) and P2P gaming overlays. We point out the characteristics of benchmarks for P2P systems, focusing on the challenges compared to conventional benchmarks. The two benchmarks for very different types of P2P systems are designed applying a...

An important shift in U.S. agricultural policy occurred with the 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act. Although the actual intent and effects of the Act remain a topic of debate, many observers believed that the 1996 legislation signaled a transition toward a new policy environment characterized by diminished government involvement in agricultural markets. Perhaps the bigg...

theoretically and empirically, it has been often argued that production uncertainty affects the farmers’ production efficiency. insurance can play an impactful role in reducing the uncertainty and, consequently, increasing the investment. using multilevel models, we examined the effect of agricultural insurance programs on investment in the agricultural sector of khorasan razavi province. the c...

The Administrative Justice Court annulled the directive that was issued by the Iranian National Tax Administration. According to the directive, kindergarten, food, commuting, … subsidies are not exempt from the payroll tax. In this research, which is conducted with the descriptive-analytical approach, the exemption or the lack of exemption of the subsidies is studied with regard to the tax law....

Under the supplemental security income program, persons who are not citizens of the United States but are otherwise eligible may, under current law, receive SSI payments if they have been lawfully admitted to the country for permanent residence or are permanently residing here under color of law. The report examines data on noncitizens among a group of recent SSI awardees, including their count...

The Federal Government. the 50 States, and many localities maintain programs that provide retirement, disability, and survivor benefits to their employees. In fiscal year 1989, the amount paid out in such benefits at all levels of government was $83.2 billion, while the number of beneficiaries totaled 7.7 million (table 1). Federal retirement systems a,%counted for 60 percent of the benefitc, p...

Background: Health inequalitymonitoring especially in Health care financing field is very important. Hence, this study tends to assess the inequality in household's capacity to pay and out-of-pocket health carepaymentsin Tehran metropolis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2013.Thestudy population was selected by stratified cluster sampling, and they constitute the typical...

The existence of truthful social choice mechanisms strongly depends on whether monetary transfers are allowed. Without payments there are no truthful, non-dictatorial mechanisms under mild requirements, whereas the VCG mechanism guarantees truthfulness along with welfare maximization when there are payments and utility is quasi-linear in money. In this paper we study mechanisms in which we can ...

in paper (2004) chang studied an inventory model under a situation in which the supplier provides the purchaser with a permissible delay of payments if the purchaser orders a large quantity. tripathi (2011) also studied an inventory model with time dependent demand rate under which the supplier provides the purchaser with a permissible delay in payments. this paper is motivated by chang (2004) ...