BACKGROUND Genome wide association studies reported two single nucleotide polymorphisms in ANK3 (rs9804190 and rs10994336) as independent genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder. Another SNP in ANK3 (rs10761482) was associated with schizophrenia in a large European sample. Within the debate on common susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, we tried to investigate common f...

To the Editor: The use of antidepressants in bipolar disorder remains controversial with respect to whether, and when, they may destabilize mood and worsen clinical course. Despite previously identified links between suicide attempts and the proportion of time spent with depression in bipolar disorder,1 few longitudinal studies have examined the relationship between antidepressant use and suici...

T h e proposal to divide manic depressive illness into separate bipolar (alternating mania and depression) and unipolar (recurrent depression or recurrent mania) psychoses was first brought-forward by Leonhard (1959), but it was Angst (1966) who first produced convincing evidence in support of the divison. Perris (1968) was able to show that bipolar illness started on average of fifteen years e...

BACKGROUND Vestibular reflexes, evoked by human electrical (galvanic) vestibular stimulation (EVS), are utilized to assess vestibular function and investigate its pathways. Our study aimed to investigate the electrically-evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex (eVOR) output after bilateral and unilateral vestibular deafferentations to determine the characteristics for interpreting unilateral lesions suc...

Objective: This study investigated the profile of emotion dysregulation in Bipolar Disorder (BD) and compared it to Unipolar Depression, Anxiety, and Healthy control groups. Methods: 148 euthymic patients diagnosed with BD (n = 48), Unipolar Depressive disorder (n = 50), Anxiety disorder (n = 50), and a Healthy Control (HC) group (n = 48) were evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulat...

INTRODUCTION Bipolar voltage is used during electroanatomic mapping to define abnormal myocardium, but the effect of activation rate on bipolar voltage is not known. We hypothesized that bipolar voltage may change in response to activation rate. By examining corresponding unipolar signals we sought to determine the mechanisms of such changes. METHODS AND RESULTS LA extrastimulus mapping was p...

BACKGROUND Previous research has documented that the symptoms of bipolar disorder are often mistaken for unipolar depression prior to a patient's first bipolar diagnosis. The assumption has been that once a patient receives a bipolar diagnosis they will no longer be given a misdiagnosis of depression. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the rate of subsequent unipolar depression diag...