A VDEAL (V is the lithology of the vadose zone, D is the groundwater depth, E is the degree of groundwater exploitation, A is the aquifer characteristics and L is the land use pattern.) model, which is suitable for a vulnerability evaluation of the groundwater in arid inland areas, and that is based on the GOD (G is the groundwater status, O is overburden feature and D is groundwater depth) met...

1 Heterogeneity and lack of sufficient site characterization render accurate and reliable predictions of subsurface flow and transport in the vadose zone notoriously elusive. It is now widely recognized that for quantitative descriptions of subsurface phenomena to be scientifically defensible, they have to be accompanied by some measure of predictive uncertainty. In other words, a major goal of...

Abstract Data from field monitoring and artificial rainfall experiments suggest that the thick vadose zone can be divided into two sub-zones based on soil water variation, namely active steady zones. The content of top (2–5 m depth) is sensitive to precipitation evaporation dominated by transient flow. Soil underlying remains constant over time there a flow under force gravity. However, since t...

Due to the anthropogenic activity, soil environment is deteriorated by various organic and inorganic contaminants a greater extent in Bangalore industrial area. The movement of heavy metals driven physical chemical properties soil. This contamination leads groundwater pollution through infiltration. In this study, an attempt made simulate transport like nickel zinc for one contaminated sites Ba...

A large reservoir of bioavailable nitrogen (up to approximately 10(4) kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, as nitrate) has been previously overlooked in studies of global nitrogen distribution. The reservoir has been accumulating in subsoil zones of arid regions throughout the Holocene. Consideration of the subsoil reservoir raises estimates of vadose-zone nitrogen inventories by 14 to 71% for wa...