Clear cell Adenocarcinoma (CCA) of vagina is a rare malignancy, reported at early ages in daughters of mothers exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Histological features are well established, however cytological findings and moreover Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) morphology is not well characterized. We report a case of primary vaginal CCA first time picked up on LBC smear examination, c...

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine risk factors for cervical cancer for women in Izmir. METHODS This cross-sectional, descriptive field covered a population of 4319 women of reproductive age (15-49) (household registration in the Mukhtar's office-2007). A total of 1,637 women were included in the sample given a four-part questionnaire through face-to-face interview by visiting t...

Introduction: The vaginal flora is a dynamic ecosystem that can be easily altered. Although, there are four causes of vaginal discharges which cover almost 95% of vaginaitis. Candidal Vaginaitis is an infection of the vagina’s mucous membranes by Candida albicans (CA). Present study attempted to Candidal Vaginitis in women referred to health centers in Yazd and the role of innate & cell-mediate...

BACKGROUND Cancer of the uterine cervix is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. Industrialized countries have dramatically reduced the incidence of mortality from cervical carcinoma in the last 50 years through aggressive screening programs utilizing pelvic examinations and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears but it still remains a major problem in the developing world. OBJECTIVES This...

OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is widely incorporated into cervical cancer screening strategies. Current screening requires pelvic examination for cervical sampling, which may compromise participation. The acceptance could be raised by introducing testing on vaginal swabs. We explored the interchangeability of vaginal swabs and cervical smears for HPV testing, by means of a prospe...

OBJECTIVES To validate a simplified grading scheme for Gram stained smears of vaginal fluid for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) against the accepted "gold" standard of Amsel's composite criteria. METHODS Women attending genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics, as part of a multicentre study, were diagnosed as having BV if three or more of the following criteria were present; homogeneou...

OBJECTIVE To identify alterations in the cytokine profile and microbial ecosystem of the vagina in association with cervical dysplasia. METHODS Demographics, lifestyle variables and Papanicolau (Pap) smear results of subjects presenting to the same site for gynecologic complaints, obstetric visits or colposcopy were prospectively recorded. Vaginal smear for Gram stain, aerobic and anaerobic c...

A secretor is an individual who secretes blood group antigens into body fluids such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen and serum. An attempt has been made to establish the correlation between the secretor status and susceptibility to vaginal candidiasis. The secretor status was determined by haemagglutination inhibition technique. The presence of Candida albicans infection was detected by direct mi...

A 5-year-old HF crossbred cattle was examined with history of anorexia, fever, nasal discharge and inability to stand. On clinical examination, the revealed pyrexia (rectal temperature 104.2 °F), papery white conjunctival vaginal mucous membranes, swollen lymph nodes mild tick infestation. The cow unable stand due severe weakness. History signs suggested for haemoprotozoan infection. blood coll...