This study focuses on the shape optimization of concrete gravity dams considering dam–water–foundation interaction and nonlinear effects subject to earthquake. The concrete gravity dam is considered as a two–dimensional structure involving the geometry and material nonlinearity effects. For the description of the nonlinear behavior of concrete material under earthquake loads, the Drucker–Prager...

In this study, we present a general framework of outer approximation algorithms to solve convex vector optimization problems, in which the Pascoletti-Serafini (PS) scalarization is solved iteratively. This finds minimum ‘distance’ from reference point, usually taken as vertex current approximation, upper image through given direction. We propose efficient methods select parameters (the point an...