The KASCADE-Grande experiment was designed for the measurement of extensive air showers induced by cosmic rays of the knee region, i.e. with energies between 0.5 PeV and 1 EeV. Main focus of the experiment is the precise determination of energy and composition of the primary cosmic rays, thus clarifying the nature of the knee. Data of the preceding KASCADE experiment have been used in a composi...

 Background & Objective: Pain is an unpleasant feeling that influences the quality of patients’ life. Arteriovenous fistula catheterization pain can be reduced in hemodialysis patients with nonmedicinal and noninvasive methods of pain relief. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of cryotherapy at the Hoku point on the severity of the pain of catheterization in hemodialysis patients.  M...

background: the purpose of this study is to demonstrate the advantages of gradient echo (gre) sequences in the detection and characterization of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis compared to conventional magnetic resonance sequences. methods: a total of 17 patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (cvt) were evaluated using different magnetic resonance imaging (mri) sequences. the mri sequences i...

Increasing evidence is available indicating that systemically administered GM1 is able to provide for functional recovery in different experimental models of CNS injury, including cerebral ischemia. Current evidence indicates that the GM1 effects are associated, in the acute phase, with attenuation of secondary neuronal damage due to its capability to antagonize excitatory amino acid-related ne...

Definition of PGA PGA involve multiple endocrine gland insufficiencies (minimum two), being frequently associated with diseases of non-endocrine organs, and occur in individual patients and their families.1,2 The autoimmune endocrine associations recognise more generics: autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS), autoimmune polyendocrine disease (APD), polyglandular failure syndromes (PFS), and ...

Nutritional insufficiencies of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) may have adverse effects on brain development and neurodevelopmental outcomes. A recent meta-analysis reported a small to modest effect size for the efficacy of omega-3 in youth. Several controlled trials of omega-3 HUFAs combined with micronutrients show sizable reductions in aggressive, antisocial, and violent behav...

PURPOSE The use of morning basal serum cortisol levels as an alternative to dynamic testing for assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has previously been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the lower and upper cutoff values that would obviate subsequent HPA axis testing. METHODS A single-centre, retrospective study from a tertiary care endocrinology clinic w...

OPINION STATEMENT Survival rates of childhood cancer have improved markedly, and today more than 80 % of those diagnosed with a pediatric malignancy will become 5-year survivors. Nevertheless, survivors exposed to cranial radiotherapy (CRT) are at particularly high risk for long-term morbidity, such as endocrine insufficiencies, metabolic complications, and cardiovascular morbidity. Deficiencie...

the mean percentage of cryptogenic strokes among ischemic strokes is 31%, of which one-third may be associated with patent foramen ovale. the foramen ovale is required for blood flow through the fetal atrial septum.  it is formed as of the fourth week of gestation, and this leads to right-left interatrial shunt that allows the passage of oxygenated blood to systemic circulation. in 75% of cases...

abstract background: in recent years, the endovenous laser therapy (evlt) has been proposed to treat the incompetent greater saphenous veins (gsv) to increase patient comfort,and to reduce cost as well as risk. evlt causes vein wall thickening, luminal contraction and vein fibrosis. the purpose of this article, as the first report from iran, is to review our experience and outline the early res...