Passage of the electron quasi-Fermi level through a discrete trap level in the forbidden energy gap of an insulator, due to injection of excess electrons, marks the onset of a nearly vertical rise of current with further increase of voltage. The corresponding TFI (trap-filled-limit) voltage enables simple measurement of the number of traps. (The sc,a indicates that this paper has been cited ove...

We report the observation of room-temperature optical gain at 1.3 μm in electrically driven dilute nitride vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers. The gain is calculated with respect to injected power for samples with and without a confinement aperture. At lower injected powers, a gain of almost 10 dB is observed in both samples. At injection powers over 5 nW, the gain is observed to ...

In this study, the comparison of dry gas injection for vertical and horizontal production well scenarios are investigated by means conducting a reservoir simulation study tight condensate reservoir. order to conduct pattern has been defined. The selected is 420x420 m in areal extend 50 thickness. All necessary rock properties, fluid specifications together with compositions have determined cons...

We find that the ohmic conductance of Co-phthalocyanine (CoPc) vertical capacitive devices is irreversibly suppressed by orders of magnitude when they are heated above 340 K. Detailed structural and transport studies imply that the changes in the conductance are due to diffusion of the top Pd electrode into the CoPc layer. This leads to a decrease in Pd electrode effective work function, which ...

The realization of a cavity soliton laser using a vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor gain structure coupled to an external cavity with a frequency-selective element is reported. All-optical control of bistable solitonic emission states representing small microlasers is demonstrated by injection of an external beam. The control scheme is phase insensitive and hence expected to be rob...

We have studied experimentally effects of two-frequency optical injection on a multimode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The injected signal comes from another VCSEL. Polarization switching (PS) with and without frequency locking occurs for relatively small frequency detuning. Outside the regime of polarization switching, the VCSEL demonstrates two types of instabilities. The in...

Recent studies have revealed that the retina may exert control over deep brain function and may be importantly involved in the etiology, progression, and treatment of disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). While such a concept is uncharted territory and even less is known about the mechanism by which this might be achieved, this study was undertaken to determine how retinal dopamine (DA), ...

Recycle-gas injection is a promising recovery process to produce oil and gas. The method uses continues injection of the produced gas at economical rates to keep the reservoirs energy up and using viscous force as the driving force. There are numerous studies done on recycle-gas injection in conventional reservoirs, however, there are some other factors such as location of wells and completion ...

A theoretical model for carbon dioxide (CO2) migration in tilted aquifers with groundwater flow is presented to evaluate the injection of CO2 into a geological formation. Capillary force in the flow of two immiscible fluids in a porous medium creates a saturation transition zone, where the saturation changes gradually. A vertical equilibrium assumption is employed to solve for the capillary pre...

purpose: to evaluate the effects of intravitreal and intracameral injection of bevacizumab in patients with neovascular glaucoma (nvg).   methods: this interventional case series was conducted on 40 eyes of 40 patients with neovascular glaucoma. data included the extent of iris (nvi) and angle neovascularization (nva), peripheral anterior synechia (pas), and intraocular pressure (iop). followin...