Camera calibration is essential to obtain 3D information from 2D image, for underwater camera self-calibration, because the linear model can not accurately describe the imaging geometry of real cameras, the underwater camera nonlinear model and its calibration method are studied. According to the relationship between underwater and air in the camera focal length, principal point and no vertical...

Ground reaction force (GRF) parameters have been used to predict tibial shock in rearfoot strike patterns (Hennig & Lafortune, 1991). However, forefoot strike (FFS) runners have significantly different GRF parameters when compared to rearfoot strike (RFS) runners (Williams, D.S., et al., in press). A typical FFS running pattern results in significantly lower vertical GRF loading rates (ZLR) and...