Patterns of spontaneous activity in the developing retina, LGN, and cortex are necessary for the proper development of visual cortex. With these patterns intact, the primary visual cortices of many newborn animals develop properties similar to those of the adult cortex but without the training benefit of visual experience. Previous models have demonstrated how V1 responses can be initialized th...

Natural vision relies on spatiotemporal patterns of electrical activity in the retina. We investigated the feasibility of veridically reproducing such patterns with epiretinal prostheses. Multielectrode recordings and visual and electrical stimulation were performed on populations of identified ganglion cells in isolated peripheral primate retina. Electrical stimulation patterns were designed t...

The goal of this study was to examine developmental change in visual attention to dynamic visual and audiovisual stimuli in 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old infants. Infant look duration was measured during exposure to dynamic geometric patterns and Sesame Street video clips under three different stimulus modality conditions: unimodal visual, synchronous audiovisual, and asynchronous audiovisual. Infant...

Pigeons were trained to learn an instrumental oddity-from-sample discrimination involving visual forms. One group, the "few examples" group, dealt with 5 patterns in 40 different combinations. Another group, the "many examples" group, dealt with 20 patterns in 160 different combinations. After both groups had reached asymptotic performance and had learned to operate under partial reinforcement ...

Bees navigating between their nests and foraging sites rely on their ability to learn and to recall many complex visual patterns [1-4]. How are the elements that make up one of these patterns bound together so that the whole pattern can be recalled when it is required? Consider the sentence: 'Dons nod off.' The words in it can be distinguished by the pattern of elements or letters that they con...

The paper describes a new version of a visual feedback aid for speech training. The aid is a PC based speech processing system that visualizes incoming signal and its most relevant parameters (such as volume, pitch, timing, spectrum) and compares them to utterances recorded by reference speakers. The goal is to help a trained person in identifying the most severe deviations in his or her pronun...

The intuitive way of chemists to communicate molecules is via two-dimensional structure diagrams. The straightforward visual representations are mostly preferred to the often complicated systematic chemical names. For chemical patterns, however, no comparable visualization standards have evolved so far. Chemical patterns denoting descriptions of chemical features are needed whenever a set of mo...

Vector-space word representations based on neural network models can include linguistic regularities, enabling semantic operations based on vector arithmetic. In this paper, we explore an analogous approach applied to images. We define a methodology to obtain large and sparse vectors from individual images and image classes, by using a pre-trained model of the GoogLeNet architecture. We evaluat...

world through the relatively small windows of their receptive fields. This creates a perceptual dilemma known as the ‘aperture problem’, in which the locally ambiguous views of individual cells must be resolved into higher-order percepts that are consistent with the whole. When cells in V1 see a moving plaid (grid), for example, they respond to the direction and orientation of the component lin...

To understand learning processes we need to consider many different aspects that come into play within online learning environments, including mediating tools, learners’ actions, their engagement in online discussions and how such discussions unfold over time. Content analysis of asynchronous discussions is usually applied to study knowledge construction, but little attention is paid on how int...