Mt. Cameroon is one of the most active volcanoes in Africa and poses a possible threat to about half a million people in the area, yet knowledge of the volcano's underlying magma supply system is sparse. To characterize Mt. Cameroon's magma plumbing system, we employed mineral-melt equilibrium thermobarometry on the products of the volcano's two most recent eruptions of 1999 and 2000. Our resul...

Classes of atmospheric aerosols and their main sources, distributions of tropospheric aerosol by size and mass, their physico-chemical composition and principal optical properties in various spectral bands are described. Stratospheric aerosols in “quiet” and “disturbed” periods after the major volcanic eruptions, their interactions with clouds and of underlying surface radiative properties affe...

Volcanic eruptions demonstrate that our planet is alive and evolving. Take photos of volcanoes around the Earth and you will see that they all look different, but also share important features. Some volcanoes come in perfect conical shapes, while others are much flatter and harder to spot. This is just like humans, some are tall and others are short, or some have dark hair while others have lig...

When a volcano erupts, the geological process that results often releases devastating amounts of energy from beneath the planet’s surface through volcanic flows. such flows are classified into two categories: well-known lava flows when the eruption is effusive, and pyroclastic flows when it is explosive. Explosive eruptions, like the ancient events at Mount Vesuvius in Italy and the modern ones...

The polarization lidar photometer networking (POLIPHON) method introduced to separate coarse-mode and fine-mode particle properties of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic aerosols in 2010 is extended to cover Saharan dust events as well. Furthermore, new volcanic dust observations performed after the Grimsvötn volcanic eruptions in 2011 are presented. The retrieval of particle mass concentrations require...

Volcanic ash is fragments of magma, and consists of minerals and volcanic glass. These materials in the ash can provide important information on the nature of the magma, because chemical compositions of magma usually show distinct features in each volcano, and because assemblages and compositions of minerals reflect their host melt. Using assemblages and chemical compositions of minerals and gl...

Introduction: Many of the largest volcanoes on Mars are located in high-albedo regions. These regions are spectrally bright due to mantling by surface dust, which masks the absorption features used to infer mineralogy in both the nearand thermal infrared [1-3]. As a result, the classical martian bright regions of Arabia Terra, Elysium Planitia, and Tharsis remain uncharacterized in detail with ...

kashafrud formation, siliciclastic strata, middle jurassic in age, commences with basal fluvio conglomerates. the strata are described in terms of 3 facies association (conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone), which were deposited in a fluvio-deltaic and turbities environments. the basal kashafrud strata at 2 areas (8 sections), in the eastern kopet-dagh basin, consist predominantly of boulder to...

although typically small in terms of their spatial footprint, landslide hazards are relativelyfrequent in northern iran. we assess landslide susceptibility for the nearly 20.000 km2 large study area of the urmia lake basin which is dominated by agricultural land use but includes the major settlements areas of the east azerbaijan province, iran. landslide factors are established in form of gis d...

[1] A new monthly volcanic forcing dataset is included in a coupled GCM for a more physically consistent treatment of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol history from explosive volcanism. The volcanic forcing is different from previous versions in that there is an individual evolution of the aerosol for each event. Thus the seasonal and latitudinal dependence of the volcanic aerosol can affect gl...