The purpose of this paper is to offer a brief explanation and discussion of many key terms used in describing instrument accuracy. The terms included within this discussion are most commonly used for defining performance standards with primary sensing elements typically used in the measurement of flow, level pressure and temperature instruments. Many of the terms used may apply to controllers, ...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional structures enabling complete control on light amplitude, phase, and polarization. Unlike plasmonic metasurfaces, silicon structures facilitate high transmission, low losses, and compatibility with existing semiconductor technologies. We experimentally demonstrate two examples of high-efficiency polarization-sensitive dielectric metasurfaces with 2π phase control...

We describe experimental signatures of Majorana fermion edge states, which form at the interface between a superconductor and the surface of a topological insulator. If a lead couples to the Majorana fermions through electron tunneling, the Majorana fermions induce resonant Andreev reflections from the lead to the grounded superconductor. The linear tunneling conductance is 0 (2e(2)/h) if there...

The ability to rapidly switch between orbital angular momentum modes of light has important implications for future classical and quantum systems. In general, orbital angular momentum beams are generated using free-space bulk optical components where the fastest reconfiguration of such systems is around a millisecond using spatial light modulators. In this work, an extremely compact optical vor...

We report on the generation of mono- and polychromatic optical phase singularities from micron-sized birefringent droplets. This is done experimentally by using liquid crystal droplets whose three dimensional architecture of the optical axis is controlled within the bulk by surfactant agents. Because of its microscopic size these optical vortex generators are optically trapped and manipulated a...

In a shaken Bose-Einstein condensate, confined in a vibrating trap, there can appear different nonlinear coherent modes. Here we concentrate on two types of such coherent modes, vortex ring solitons and vortex rings. In a cylindrical trap, vortex ring solitons can be characterized as nonlinear Hermite-Laguerre modes, whose description can be done by means of optimized perturbation theory. The e...

Tunneling of virtual vortex-antivortex pairs across a superconducting film can be enhanced by sending pulses of electric current along the film. Thus, a thin wire made from such a film will function as a quantum switch (changing the magnetic flux enclosed by the device). We study this process numerically in a toroidal film (periodic boundary conditions in both directions) by using the dual desc...

Unsteady numerical simulation and visual experiment are used to reveal the formation mechanism of roof-attached vortex (RAV) on roof closed sump a pumping station. The results show that RAVs mainly occur between pump device rear wall sump. In 10th period impeller rotation, there 2 at roof. V1 (Vortex 1 in simulation) is located directly behind water unit, V2 close right wall. Significantly, vor...

Liquid–liquid emulsions are used in many sectors such as personal care, home and food products. There is an increasing need for developing compact modular devices producing with desired droplet size distribution (DSD). In this work, we have experimentally computationally investigated application of vortex-based hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) device emulsions. The focus on understanding drop break...