This study evaluated whether occurrence of acute gastrointestinal illnesses declined after filtration and ozonation were added to a previously unfiltered, chlorinated high-quality surface water source in a northwest United States city. Enteric and other illnesses were recorded for two 6-month periods for control and intervention sites in the same city. During phase 1, chlorinated, unfiltered dr...

The catchment of the River Thames, the principal river system in southern England, provides the main water supply for London but is highly vulnerable to changes in climate, land use and population. The river is eutrophic with significant algal blooms with phosphorus assumed to be the primary chemical indicator of ecosystem health. In the Thames Basin, phosphorus is available from point sources ...

This paper proposes a multi-criteria approach to assess current technology systems in water treatment (WT) plants and water waste treatment (WWT) plants to find out the main implications on the quality of service. Presently, the plant production process and efficiency improvement of WWT plants has become a challenge for WWT plants. The need of cost-efficient and reliable treatment processes has...

G LAMBLIA is recognized as an important cause of acute illness in human beings. Community-wide waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis . have been documented with increasing frequency,' ' and backpackers have become ill after drinking water from mountain streams. 6 ' 7 Giardiasis has also occurred among travelers to foreign countries, although the methods of transmission in these situations are not ...

Ground water in general is clean and fresh. However, industrialization urbanization together with intensified agricultural activity have led to increasing demands on one hand but the potential for large scale release of contaminants other. Water pollution disturbs normal uses agriculture, public supply, aquatic life, wild life industry. An understanding various types pollutants considerable imp...

Natural gas is often associated with nitrogen and heavy compounds. The Heavy components in the natural gas not only can feed downstream units, owing to the low temperature process may be formed solid as well. Therefore, heavy components separation can be a necessity and produce useful products. Virtually, all natural gases are containing nitrogen ​​that would lower the heating value of natural ...

Sea-water desalination has emerged as the key alternative to overcome demand–supply gap of potable water, worldwide. This paper aims to carry out a technology review of sea-water desalination, technologies in an integrated framework of economic, environmental and ecological analyses. The economic analysis here refers to a project/technology development effort analysis in the context of national...

this paper explores the capabilities of multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithmin a simulation-optimization model for solving waste load allocation problems. the main goals are totaltreatment costs, violation of the water quality standards and equity. in this research, the water qualitysimulation model is coupled with a multi-objective optimization model, mopso. in order to derive...