Cooperating animals frequently show closely coordinated behaviours organized by a continuous flow of information between interacting partners. Such real-time coaction is not captured by the iterated prisoner's dilemma and other discrete-time reciprocal cooperation games, which inherently feature a delay in information exchange. Here, we study the evolution of cooperation when individuals can dy...

We apply in this paper the weak Galerkin method to the second order parabolic differential equations based on a discrete weak gradient operator. We establish both the continuous time and the discrete time weak Galerkin finite element schemes, which allow using the totally discrete functions in approximation space and the finite element partitions of arbitrary polygons with certain shape regular...

A flow is homotopy continuous if it is indefinitely divisible up to S-homotopy. The full subcategory of cofibrant homotopy continuous flows has nice features. Not only it is big enough to contain all dihomotopy types, but also a morphism between them is a weak dihomotopy equivalence if and only if it is invertible up to dihomotopy. Thus, the category of cofibrant homotopy continuous flows provi...