OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term outcome of brain structure in preterm infants, at an average age of 12 years, who received a red blood cell transfusion for anemia of prematurity. DESIGN As neonates, this cohort of infants participated in a clinical trial in which they received red blood cell transfusions based on a high pretransfusion hematocrit threshold (liberal group) or a low hematocrit...

Liberal multicultural theories developed in late twenty-first century aims to ensure the rights of the minorities, social justice and harmony in liberal societies. Will Kymlicka is the leading philosopher in this field. He advocates minority rights, their autonomy and the way minority groups can be accommodated in a liberal society with their distinct cultural identity. Besides him, there are o...

PATENTS ON THE TRADITIONAL MISSION of liberal arts education have expired. Generic versions of that mission are now regularly included in even the most specialized undergraduate curricula. In the marketplace, meanwhile, the undiluted liberal arts experience is battling the pressures of escalating costs, rising tuitions, and increasing demands for career training as a primary component of underg...

Plurality Vote How should society collectively make choices in a fair and democratic way? In the decision making system used most often in the United States, citizens periodically express their sentiment by voting for a candidate or measure. Whichever alternative receives the most votes (a plurality) is chosen. It is a simple decision system — easy to understand and seemingly fair. Unfortunatel...

NE OF THE most striking as0 pects of the 1960 election campaign is that it was waged between two comparatively liberal platforms and candidates. It is true that Kennedy carried the standard of a party whose majority is actually liberal, whereas Nixon represented a party which had subscribed to a relatively liberal platfonn (including a rather strong civil rights position) with some reluctance, ...

For over a hundred years, the Republican Party used the word “liberal” positively in its platforms and proudly wore the liberal mantle. That may surprise you, but it is true. The finding comes from analyzing words used in all 40 Republican Party presidential year platforms from the party’s origin in 1856 to its 2012 election campaign. In contrast, the 44 Democratic Party platforms staunchly—but...

It is conventionally thought impermissible to force treatment on a patient, even when his life is at stake. Following Kant or Mill, we may defend this convention either by appealing to the inviolability of autonomy, or to the benefits of treating liberty as inviolable, subject only to considerations of harm to others. In both cases, an exception might be made for mental illness. For Kant, auton...

Child labor is a topic that evokes deep emotions and a growing international concern. Most recent ILO estimates show that some 211 million children between 5 and 14 are engaged in some form of economic activity, and 119 million of them are engaged in haz­ ardous work. The poverty implications of child labor are often transmitted from parents to children, a process that is called the dynastic po...