Literacy cannot be separated from peoples' sociocultural contexts and from their self-conceptualizations within those contexts. A person's literacy functioning will depend upon the role literacy plays in meeting one's goals and in the resulting construction of one's self-image. Within context, not only written language, but the interaction between written and oral language modes becomes importa...

as a committed writer, najib al-kayl?ni was of the belief that works of art and literature should be used as a means to promote the islamic culture; thus, he regarded writing narratives, in a realistic style, as the need of the arab world and particularly the egyptian society. features which distinguish his works from those written by other writers are the religious hue and spirit of his storie...

1. introduction shekarnameh ilkhani is a book about training and treatment of wild animals and birds, written by ali ibn mansour halvani based on several other books like baznameh and shekarnameh, especially that of malekshahi named after toghan teimurkhan. this book consists of three main sections. the first section is an introduction which is important for the development of baznameh and the ...

Recently work on the grammar of spoken English has advanced through the use of large, general, and varied corpora of the language, including corpora of spoken discourse. Here I review the research that has been emerging from the availability of such corpora, much of it emphasizing the need for new ways of conceptualizing spoken grammar, to replace the traditional reliance on grammatical models ...

onsi al-haj tended surrealism in the beginning of his poetic life. his surrealistic poems have been told according to the unconsciousness and automatic writing .  so his poems are written with a unconscious style of writing. trusting on unconsciousness by onsi al-haj has influenced on his poems in some aspects. one of these aspects is his language; al-haj's language is an ambiguous languag...

zafar n?meh was written by hamdoll?h mostoufi who was a famous iranian historian and geographer in the mongol era and his versified book covers the history of iran after islam until 1336 ad. although this is one of the important sources in the study of mongol era, it has not been considered properly, because this book went under the shadow of another well-known book on history of mongol, j?mi a...

This paper discusses pronunciation research using a written questionnaire to ask people overt questions about their pronunciation. Several investigations that have used this approach are discussed. The technique is particularly useful for large-scale surveys of variability in lexical incidence or in the phonological system. It is unsuitable for surveying variability in phonetic realization.