Successful orthodontic treatment is based on a clear perception by the clinician of a patient's facial preference and treatment needs. Bimaxillary protrusion is a normal facial trait seen in the Black population and the most acceptable bimaxillary facial profile in a sample of Black subjects was determined by Beukes et al in 2007. Variations from this ideal profile may require extractions as pa...

Individuals often form more reasonable judgments from complex information after a period of distraction vs. deliberation. This phenomenon has been attributed to sophisticated unconscious thought during the distraction period that integrates and organizes the information (Unconscious Thought Theory; Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 2006). Yet, other research suggests that experiential processes are st...

This article reviews selected neuroscience and psychoanalytic writings about respective concepts regarding unconscious processes. Two objectives are pursued. The first is the modification of an apparent dualistic view of the psychoanalytic, dynamic unconscious described by Freud and the implicit, automated unconscious described by neuroscientists into a unified unconscious process concept. Seco...

In the present article, the role of endogenous feature-specific orienting for conscious and unconscious vision is reviewed. We start with an overview of orienting. We proceed with a review of masking research, and the definition of the criteria of experimental protocols that demonstrate endogenous and exogenous orienting, respectively. Against this background of criteria, we assess studies of u...

rules Associations Conscious knowledge Unconscious knowledge Where is implicit learning? 49 ➊ The role of consciousness:  Is cognition without consciousness possible? In what sense? ➋ Knowledge representation:  How is abstract knowledge represented? Two central issues Abstract rules Associations Conscious knowledge explicit learning Unconscious knowledgerules Associations Conscious knowledge ...