Two-dimensional metal-organic nanostructures based on the binding of ketone groups and metal atoms were fabricated by depositing pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone (PTO) molecules on a Cu(111) surface. The strongly electronegative ketone moieties bind to either copper adatoms from the substrate or codeposited iron atoms. In the former case, scanning tunnelling microscopy images reveal the development of ...

The controversy surrounding patenting deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”) is hardly new. The first patent on a gene was granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) two decades ago, in 1982. As biological research was advancing rapidly in the 1980s, two trends combined to encourage the patenting and commercialization of DNA: the passage of pro-economic growth legislation and the e...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pelvic adjustment via the Gonstead Technique on the posture of female university students. [Subjects] The subjects of this study were 30 female university students who were equally and randomly allocated to a pelvic adjustment group, an experimental group, and a stretching group, a control group. [Methods] Using BackMapper, their...

An ultrahigh density array of epitaxial PbTiO(3) (PTO) nanoislands with uniform size was fabricated on a single-crystalline Nb-doped SrTiO(3) (100) substrate over a large area (cm(2) scale) by simple but robust method utilizing polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpridine) copolymer micelles. Each nanoisland has an average volume of 2.6 x 10(3) nm(3) (a height of 7 nm and a diameter of 22 nm). Because...

Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) forms the basis of the hydrokinetic energy converter. With the increasing energy demand, there is a need for a significant shift to using clean and renewable sources of energy. VIV based hydrokinetic energy converter aims to harness aquatic energy from slow moving water currents. For modeling, a single cylinder system with single degree-of-freedom is considered. ...

The available evidence indicates that patent quality, particularly in the area of software, needs improvement. This Article argues that even an agency as institutionally constrained as the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") could implement a portfolio of pragmatic, cost-effective quality improvement strategies. The argument in favor of these strategies draws upon not only legal theory and...

By polling individual responses to hypothetical scenarios, valuation studies estimate population preferences toward health on a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) scale. The scenarios typically involve trade-offs in time (time trade-off (TTO)), risk (standard gamble (SG)), or number of persons affected (person trade-off (PTO)). This paper revisits the QALY assumptions and provides a coherent hea...

In the last decade, many studies have been conducted on tractor and agricultural machinery electrification. particular, electrification of power take-off (PTO)-powered implements could support benefits, such as improved comfort safety during implement connection, less noisiness, accurate control rotational speed, fuel consumption reduction. However, commercially available tractors do not genera...