Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a transient synaptic excitation, followed by depression, which can propagate slowly across cortex, subcortex and retina. CSD is implicated in migraine with aura and may lead to migraine pain. CSD can be suppressed by inhibition of both NR2A and NR2B containing N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. However, whether there is a synergistic effect of co-i...

The Graphical Representations of Algorithms, Structures, and Processes for Ada (GRASP/Ada) project has successfully created and prototyped a new algorithmic level graphical representation for Ada software, the Control Structure Diagram (CSD). The primary impetus to create and refine the CSD is to improve the comprehension efficiency of Ada software, and as a result, improve reliability and redu...

An attractive way to improve our understanding of sex determination evolution is to study the underlying mechanisms in closely related species and in a phylogenetic perspective. Hymenopterans are well suited owing to the diverse sex determination mechanisms, including different types of Complementary Sex Determination (CSD) and maternal control sex determination. We investigated different types...

Passive mechanical containment of failing left ventricle (LV) with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device (CSD) was shown to prevent progressive LV dilation in dogs with heart failure (HF) and increase ejection fraction. To examine possible mechanisms for improved LV function with the CSD, we examined the effect of CSD therapy on the expression of cardiac stretch response proteins, myocyte hypertroph...

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) plays an important role in migraine with aura. The caudate nucleus has crucial functional interactions with brain regions likely to be important in migraine. The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate the effect of CSD on the neuronal activity of the caudate. Intracellular recording was performed in the head of the caudate nucleus alongside of e...

BACKGROUND Congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) occurs in Border Collies, but its prevalence and inheritance are unknown. This study estimated the prevalence of CSD in Border Collies and investigated its association with phenotypic attributes linked to the merle gene, including coat pigmentation and iris color. HYPOTHESIS Deafness in Border Collies is associated with pigmentation patterns ...

OBJECTIVES Longitudinal studies of the role of community context in childhood obesity are lacking. The objective of this study was to examine associations of community socio economic deprivation (CSD) with trajectories of change in body mass index (BMI) in childhood and adolescence. METHODS Data came from electronic health records on 163,473 children aged 3-18 residing in 1,288 communities in...

Chronic sleep disturbance (CSD) has been linked to the development of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). While the pathogenesis of TMJ-OA is unclear, recent studies indicate that osteochondral angiogenesis is important. We developed a rat model of CSD induced TMJ-OA to investigate the changes caused by sleep disturbance and to correlate them with vascular invasion in the TMJ. We f...

In this issue of the AJNR, Schmalfuss et al report the MR imaging features of optic neuropathy due to cat scratch disease (CSD). MR imaging in five of nine patients with CSD demonstrated abnormal contrast enhancement of the optic nerve disk and a short segment of optic nerve just behind the globe. Attempting to understand the MR imaging findings in CSD requires insight into the pathogenesis of ...