This study compared sentence intonation of L1 Mandarin by native speakers and L2 Mandarin by Cantonese learners, with both acoustic analysis and perceptual experiment. Three types of sentences (i.e., statement, intonation question, and particle question) ending with different tones and in different lengths were investigated. The perceptual experiment showed that declarative intonation in L2 spe...

This paper reports results from masked priming experiments investigating regular past-tense forms and deadjectival nominalizations with -ness and -ity in adult native (L1) speakers of English and in different groups of advanced adult second language (L2) learners of English. While the L1 group showed efficient priming for both inflected and derived word forms, the L2 learners demonstrated repet...

Immunization with L1 as pentavalent capsomeres or virus-like particles (VLPs) generates high and long-lived titers of neutralizing antibodies and protection primarily against the human papillomavirus (HPV) type from which the vaccine was derived. Conversely, vaccination with L2 minor capsid protein derived from multiple HPV types induces lower titer, but more broadly neutralizing and protective...

A hybrid error model with L1 and L2 norm minimization criteria is proposed in this paper for image/video super-resolution. A membership function is defined to adaptively control the tradeoff between the L1 and L2 norm terms. Therefore, the proposed hybrid model can have the advantages of both L1 norm minimization (i.e. edge preservation) and L2 norm minimization (i.e. smoothing noise). In addit...

This experimental study investigated the learners’ integrative acquisition of obligatory overt subjects and subject-verb clause agreement in English as an L2. In L1 acquisition research, correlations between superficially unrelated linguistic phenomena are analyzed in terms of integrative effects. For instance, in English L1 acquisition, there is evidence for an integrative appearance of subjec...

WordsL1L2L2 L1 = First LanguageL2 = Second Language Models of representation and processing Models of representation and processing GoalConceptualizerSAS

Studies of proficient second-language (L2) learners have often noted phonetic drift of their native language (L1) vis-à-vis monolingual norms. Such drift has been attributed to perceptual linkage between similar sounds in L1 and L2. This study provides evidence that L1 phonetic drift is limited neither to advanced L2 learners, nor to crosslanguage influence at a segmental level. During the firs...

Learning a second language (L2) is a complex task that often takes years before functional communicative skills are attained, and that rarely results in native-like proficiency. One of the biggest challenges for an L2 learner is acquiring the sounds and sound patterns of a new language. Beginner learners struggle with both perception and production of novel sounds, and even years of practice do...

This longitudinal study tracked the neuro-cognitive changes associated with second language (L2) grammar learning in adults in order to investigate how L2 processing is shaped by a learner's first language (L1) background and L2 proficiency. Previous studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) have argued that late L2 learners cannot elicit a P600 in response to L2 grammatical structures that...