The 3-dimensional (3D) atomic-scale structure of newly discovered face-centered cubic (fcc) and conventional hexagonal close packed (hcp) type ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles (NPs) of 2.2 to 5.4 nm diameter were studied using X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) analysis and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling. Atomic PDF based high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements show highly diffuse X-ray ...

the conversion process of heavy hydrocarbons to the valuable products such as gasoline is an important operation in the oil refineries.one important process is the “fluidized catalytic cracking” (fcc).feed injection in fcc process has an important role in the selectivity and properties of the products.performance of the feed injection system is dependent on the atomizers.the size and contributi...

sliding mode control (smc) is a powerful approach to solve the tracking problem for   dynamical systems with uncertainties. however, the traditional smcs introduce actuator chattering phenomenon which performs a desirable behavior in many physical systems such as servo control and robotic systems, particularly, when the zero steady state error is required.  many methods have been proposed to el...

We report here the compositional dependency of face-centered cubic (FCC) to hexagonal close-packed (HCP) martensitic transformation in FeMnCo medium entropy alloys (MEAs) and insights into underlying mechanisms. To this end, we designed MEAs with same Fe-to-Mn ratio explored phase stability therein. Higher Co content was found facilitate FCC-HCP kinetics. In situ electron backscatter diffractio...

A thermally induced hexagonal close-packed (HCP) to face-centered cubic (FCC) phase transition was investigated in an α-type Ti35 alloy with twinned structure by situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ab initio calculations. TEM observations indicated that the HCP FCC occurred both within matrix/twin at twin boundaries thinner region of film, FCC-Ti precipitated as plates matri...