The steps from HIV-1 cytoplasmic entry until integration of the reverse transcribed genome are currently enigmatic. They occur in ill-defined reverse-transcription- and pre-integration-complexes (RTC, PIC) with various host and viral proteins implicated. In this study, we report quantitative detection of functional RTC/PIC by labeling nascent DNA combined with detection of viral integrase. We s...

Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is an essential step in retroviral replication. The viral DNA made by reverse transcription is a component of the preintegration complex (PIC) that also contains the viral integrase protein, the enzyme that integrates the viral DNA. Several other viral and cellular proteins are present in the PIC, but their functional roles are less well established...

The Plant Information Center (PIC) is a project funded under the Institute of Museum and Library Studies that aims to provide global access to both primary and secondary botanical resources via the World Wide Web. Central to the project is the development and employment of a series of applications that facilitate resource discovery, interactive learning, and contributory opportunities within th...

Although Sgf73p, a yeast homologue of human Sca7p, has recently been implicated as a new component of Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA), its association with SAGA and functional role in regulation of transcription remain unknown in vivo. Here, using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we show in vivo that, like SAGA, Sgf73p is recruited to the upstream activating sequence (UAS) of...

Unlike other sensory systems, the cortical organization of the human vestibular system is not well established. A central role is assumed for the region of the posterior Sylvian fissure, close to the posterior insula. At this site, activation during vestibular stimulation has been observed in previous imaging studies and labeled as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex area (PIVC). However, ves...

The formation of a stable 43 S preinitiation complex (PIC) must occur to enable successful mRNA recruitment. However, the contributions of eIF1, eIF1A, eIF3, and the eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAi ternary complex (TC) in stabilizing the 43 S PIC are poorly defined. We have reconstituted the human 43 S PIC and used fluorescence anisotropy to systematically measure the affinity of eIF1, eIF1A, and eIF3j in t...

BACKGROUND Chloropicrin (Pic) offers a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) against Ralstonia solanacarum in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) production. MB is scheduled to be withdrawn from routine use by 2015 in developing countries. METHODS Pic treatments were evaluated in a laboratory study and in three commercial ginger fields. RESULTS Laboratory studies showed that the EC50 ...

MIMO-OFDM with bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) is an attractive technique for wireless communications over frequency selective fading channels which has gained significant interests as a promising candidate for the 4th Generation wireless communication. The SISO MMSE-PIC based detector is proposed in this paper. The SISO MMSE-PIC detector exchanges soft information with SISO channel dec...

Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is a well-known multiuser detection algorithm in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. It is typically implemented with a multi-stage architecture. One problem associated with the PIC is that unreliable interference cancellation may occur in the early stages and the system performance may be degraded. Thus, the partial PIC dete...

P-glycoprotein (PGP), an active efflux pump of antitumor agents in multidrug-resistant tumor cells, exists in brain capillary endothelium and could be functionally involved in the blood-brain barrier. To study the regulatory mechanism of PGP expression in brain capillary endothelium, various mouse tissue matrices were tested for their abilities to enhance the expression of PGP in mouse brain ca...