The internal carotid artery (ICA) usually, lies posterolaterally to the external carotid artery (ECA). Sometimes a complete carotid transposition can occur, with the ECA in a lateral position and the ICA on the medial side can occur. Our study evaluated the significance and impact that this anomaly may have on cranial nerve injuries. From January 2008 to November 2010, 296 patients underwent 36...

Infection with Salmonella spp. is a significant source of disease globally. A substantial proportion of these infections are caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Here, we characterize the role of the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), a surface glycolipid ubiquitous among enteric bacteria, in S. Typhimurium pathogenesis. Construction of a defined mutation in the UDP-N-acetylglu...

BACKGROUND The West-African (WA) Zaire Ebolavirus disease (EVD) outbreak was characterized by an exceptionally high number of cases and deaths as compared with the Eastern-Central African (ECA) outbreaks. Despite the Zaire Ebolavirus being the most lethal for humans, case-fatality rate, close to 80 % in ECA outbreaks, almost halved to 47 % in Guinea-Liberia-Sierra Leone (WA). Such an improvemen...

extension of the neck. Another report [2] describes 54 patients with blunt and sharp carotid artery injuries but without mentioning dissections. In 20% of the patients, the ECA was affected, but the trauma included stab wounds and gunshot wounds. Campbell et al. [3] describe a case of ECA pseudoaneurysm from hyoid bone fracture. In 1994, Minion et al. [4] report also a case of a pseudoaneurysm ...

Estimates Calculating Algorithms have a long story of application to recognition problems. Furthermore they have formed a basis for algebraic recognition theory. Yet use of ECA polynomials was limited to theoretical reasoning because of complexity of their construction and optimization. The new recognition method “AVOpolynom” based upon ECA polynomial of simple structure is described.

This case report demonstrates a rare vascular pattern of a left external carotid artery (ECA) that arises directly from the aortic arch (AA), along with a type II proatlantal-vertebral artery anastomosis. Our research shows no report of an ECA arising from the AA. This, in association with a type II proatlantal anastomosis, is interesting because of its apparent rarity.

Elementary cellular automata (ECA) rule 9 and rule 74, members of Wolfram’s class II, could generate a host of gliders and complicated glider collisions by introducing the hybrid mechanism, which are much richer than those generated by ECA rule 110. A systematic analysis is carried out to show the simulation results.

A photosensitizer 5, 15-di (p-benzoato) spectra indicated that compound DBPP had a characteristic long wavelength absorption peak at 6 oxygen quantum yield of 0.39. Fluorescence spectra nm that can be used in fluorescence imaging esophageal cancer (Eca-109 cells) and human bladder ( light activation, DBPP was nontoxic to Eca significant photo-toxicity. These results suggested photodynamic thera...

We report here the genome sequences of two strains of Escherichia coli (ECA-B and ECC-M) that cause bovine mastitis. These strains are known to be associated with persistent and transient mastitis; strain ECA-B causes a transient infection, and ECC-M leads to a persistent infection.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CT Perfusion (CTP) has shown potential for assessing head and neck tumors. Our purposes were to assess the inter- and intraobserver agreement of CTP measurements and to investigate whether the selection of arterial input, ipsilateral versus contralateral to the tumor or left-versus-right external carotid artery (ECA), may affect CTP measurements in patients with squamous ...