PPARdelta (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta) is a regulator of lipid metabolism and has been shown to induce fatty acid oxidation (FAO). PPARdelta transgenic and knock-out mice indicate an involvement of PPARdelta in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity; however, the precise mechanisms by which PPARdelta regulates these pathways in skeletal muscle remain un...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) plays a major role in mediating hepatic gluconeogenesis in response to starvation, during which PGC-1 is induced by the cyclic AMP response element binding protein. Although it is observed that insulin counteracts PGC-1 transcription, the mechanism by which insulin suppresses the transcription of PGC-1 is still unclear. Here...

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by fasting hyperglycemia, secondary to hepatic insulin resistance and increased glucose production. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator that is thought to control adaptive responses to physiological stimuli. In liver, PGC-1alpha expression is induced by fasting, and this effect promote...

Menconi MJ, Arany ZP, Alamdari N, Aversa Z, Gonnella P, O’Neal P, Smith IJ, Tizio S, Hasselgren P. Sepsis and glucocorticoids downregulate the expression of the nuclear cofactor PGC-1 in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E533–E543, 2010. First published July 20, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00596.2009.—Muscle wasting during sepsis is at least in part regulated by glucocorticoids ...

Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a highly inducible transcription factor coactivator that regulates biological programs linked to energy homeostasis and overexpression of PGC-1α could enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and functions. In a previous study, we have reported that PGC-1α expression was significantly repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cellular function via the activation of signaling cascades. ROS have been shown to affect mitochondrial biogenesis, morphology, and function. Their beneficial effects are likely mediated via the upregulation of transcriptional regulators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 protein-alpha (PGC-1alpha). Howe...

Initially developed in 1992 as an MR imaging agent, the family of protected graft copolymers (PGC) is based on a conjugate of polylysine backbone to which methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) chains are covalently linked in a random fasion via N-ε-amino groups. While PGC is relatively simple in terms of its chemcial composition and structure, it has proved to be a versatile platform for in vivo ...

During contractions, regulation of microvascular oxygen partial pressure (Pmv(O2)), which drives blood-myocyte O2 flux, is a function of skeletal muscle fiber type and oxidative capacity and can be altered by exercise training. The kinetics of Pmv(O2) during contractions in predominantly fast-twitch muscles evinces a more rapid fall to far lower levels compared with slow-twitch counterparts. Pe...

Terrestrial biomass carbon stocks (BCS) play a vital role in the climate system, but benchmarked estimates prior to late twentieth century remain scarce. Here, by making use of an early global forest resource assessment and harmonizing information on land densities, we establish BCS account for year 1950. Our best-guess estimate is 450.2 PgC (median all modulations: 517.8 PgC, range: 443.7–584....