Teacher self-efficacy is among the most valued teacher motivational constructs. However, little known about university teachers’ and even less changes to it throughout Covid-19-related online teaching. This study applied a retrospective pre- post-design investigate in teaching (OTSE) during Covid-19. Participants included 160 Chinese teachers, who reported their OTSE before after COVID-19 lockd...

Definitions of cultural competence often refer to the need to be aware and attentive to the religious and spiritual needs and orientations of patients. However, the institution of psychiatry maintains an ambivalent attitude to the incorporation of religion and spirituality into psychiatric practice. This is despite the fact that many patients, especially those from underserved and underprivileg...

one of important subjects in the civil procedure is the dispute in competence of judicial authorities. the title of chapter 2 of part1 of the civil procedure code, enacted by 1379 (articles 26-30) is the dispute in competence and method of settlement of it. there is no different between inherent and local competence in this chapter. moreover, there are not regulations about relative competence ...

The notion of communicative competence has been deemed fuzzy in communication studies. This fuzziness has led to tensions among engineers across tenures in interpreting what constitutes communicative competence. The study seeks to investigate novice and professional engineers’ understanding of the said notion in terms of two main elements of communicative competence: linguistic and rhetorical c...

in today’s multiculturally interconnected world, cultural understanding is the key to communication and a buffer to communication breakdown. that is, the objectives of language learning cannot be viewed as a mainly linguistic task anymore; they should be directed towards achievement of intercultural communicative competence. therefore, the foreign language teachers should utilize and promote th...