New data are used to construct a time series of real GDP in Germany for the period 1500–1850 using an indirect output estimation technique that relies on wages, prices, and sectoral employment. Until mid-seventeenth century, per capita moved inversely with population. The eighteenth century saw modest rise head. From late 1810s, economic growth gradually accelerated. results shed new light reve...

Qualitative parameters of piapara semen (Leporinus elongatus) were evaluated before and after hormonal induction with carp pituitary extract at 2.5 mg.kg(-1) of live weight. The progressive motility, the spermatic vigor and the lifetime of the spermatozoa were higher before the hormonal induction (P > 0.05). The percentage of normal spermatozoa and spermatozoa with secondary pathologies did not...

Such topics readily lend themselves to sterile presentist polemics (witness the controversy stirred up recently by Edward Shorter's A history of women's bodies). Hence it is specially pleasing that Mireille Laget, in her survey of birthing practices in Enlightenment France, eschews indignation and poses a key historical question. Noting the degree of pluralism then prevailing in approaches to c...

One of a firm's key organizational capabilities is an active organizational memory that allows it to store and retrieve knowledge of facts, processes, or experiences. A review of the recent literature on organizational memory shows that there are widely varying views of its nature, locus, and influence [21]. The concept of an organizational--as opposed to individual--memory is viewed by some as...

William Henry Welch's selection in 1884 as the first faculty member of the new medical school at Johns Hopkins created the invigorating atmosphere that generated the revolutionary changes in medical training and laboratory medicine that transformed medicine in America. Dr. Welch's family traditions, his New England upbringing, Yale education, and German university experience prepared a unique i...