Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Models of PDE 's in the 18th and 19th century. 3. Methods of calculating solutions in the 19th century. 4. Developments of rigorous theories of solvability in the last decades of the 19th century. 5. The period 18901900: the beginning of modern PDE and the work of Poincare. 6. The Hilbert programs. 7. S. Bernstein and the beginning of a priori estimates. 8. Solvabil...

The recent increase in inequality in the U.S. and other developed countries has stimulated the debate among economists. This debate is best exemplified by Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the twenty-first century and his critics. Taking aside the predictions for the future and the role that capital gains play in this debate, a deeper question is: what is a “normal” level of inequality in historical ...

The first objective of this paper is carry out three experiments intended to evaluate authorship attribution methods based on three test-collections available in three different languages (English, French, and German). In the first we represent and categorize 52 text excerpts written by nine authors and taken from 19th century English novels. In the second we work with 44 segments from French n...

Typhoid fever is an acute systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A, B, and C cause the clinically similar condition, paratyphoid fever. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are collectively referred to as enteric fevers. In most endemic areas, approximately 90% of enteric fever is typhoid. Typhoid is transmitted by the feca...

(so-called rY values). The suggested ‘‘correction’’ method makes an a priori detrending of the rY series and then extends the linear regression between rY and sunspot numbers established for the last 25 years to earlier times. The suggested ‘‘correction’’ of sunspot numbers by roughly 30% goes far beyond the traditional estimates of observational uncertainties of sunspots. Concentrating here on...

possible a comparison with the data in the vital statistics which have been published annually since 1899 by the Japanese Government. Major sources of these data were: 1) 34,115 adult survivors registered in a) registration books of residents in ward offices in Tokyo and Osaka, b) lists of inmates at nursing homes for the aged in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyushu, and c) lists of members of local societi...

RULE205 The 19th-Century Russian Novel The 19th-century novel is widely regarded as the supreme achievement of Russian literature. This course will trace its development from Pushkin's elegant, witty novel in verse, EUGENE ONEGIN, through the grotesque comedies of Gogol, to the realist masterpieces of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, with their complex depiction of human psychology and the philosophical...

Most 19th century scholars would have agreed to the opinion that philosophers are responsible for research on logic. On the other hand, the history of late 19th century logic clearly indicates a very dynamic development instigated not by philosophers, but by mathematicians. A central outcome of this development was the emergence of what has been called the “new logic”, “mathematical logic”, “sy...