In this paper, we describe a framework for measuring costs and performance in new forms of business organization that are evolving to meet the competitive challenges of the 21st century. A literature review on cost management and performance measures in advanced manufacturing and service organizations provides the basis for our framework. The framework emphasizes measurement of costs and perfor...

In this article, we explore creativity alongside educational technology, as fundamental constructs of 21st century education. Creativity has becoming increasingly important, as one of the most important and noted skills for success in the 21st century. We offer a definition of creativity; and draw upon a systems model of creativity, to suggest creativity emerges and exists within a system, rath...

since its advent in 1867,the arabic novel has been under the influence of two factors. one factor is longing for the past, the other one is infatuation with the west and submission to its hegemony. in early 20th century, some novels were written in response to public taste and arab culture. this novel is considered by critics of fiction to be a turning point in the path of arabic fiction. at th...

As many other progressive fields of scientific inquiry, the study of circadian rhythms has experienced enormous growth in the recent past. From fungi and plants to birds and mammals, as well as from molecules and cells to organisms and populations, research on circadian rhythms has advanced at full speed into the 21st century. Circadian rhythm research is currently published in prestigious gene...

Future increases in flooding potential around the world’s coastlines from extreme sea level events is heavily dependent on projections of future global mean sea level (GMSL) rise. Yet, the two main approaches for projecting 21st century GMSL rise—i.e., process-based versus semi-empirical—give inconsistent results. Here, a novel hybrid approach to GMSL projection, containing a process-based ther...

A climate model (Community Earth SystemModel with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CESM-CAM5)) is used to identify processes controlling Southern Ocean (30–70°S) absorbed shortwave radiation (ASR). In response to 21st century Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 forcing, both sea ice loss (2.6 W m ) and cloud changes (1.2 W m ) enhance ASR, but their relative importance depends on ...

As a secondary analysis of the SITES 2006 data, the present paper focused on the exploration of the factors associated with the impact of ICT-use on students’ 21st-century skills as perceived by teachers, in which students’ 21st-century skills included information-handling skills, problem-solving skills, self-directed learning skills, collaborative skills, communication skills, ICT skills, and ...

The persistence and geographic expansion of dryland forests in the 21st century will be influenced by how climate change supports the demographic processes associated with tree regeneration. Yet, the way that climate change may alter regeneration is unclear. We developed a quantitative framework that estimates forest regeneration potential (RP) as a function of key environmental conditions for ...