2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME(2)), a physiologic metabolite of 17beta-estradiol (estrogen), has emerged as a promising cancer therapy because of its potent growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects on both endothelial and tumor cells. 2ME(2) also suppresses osteoclast differentiation and induces apoptosis of mature osteoclasts, and has been shown to effectively repress bone loss in an animal model o...

BACKGROUND Painful breast carcinoma metastases in bone are a common manifestation of malignant disease. Eradication of these tumors can be evasive, and as a result, skeletal morbidity increases with disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The treatment potential of cytosine deaminase (CD) gene therapy combined with radiation treatment was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using a 4T1 murine bre...

PURPOSE To develop a mouse model to study the influence of hypoxia in breast cancer progression and metastasis. METHODS The 4T1 cell line was used to engraft the kidneys of female BALB/c mice. Placing an aneurysm clip on the kidney hilum, hypoxia can be directed to tumor site. Histological evaluation was used to analyze the morphological changes induced by ischemia in kidney cortex, and to ve...

One of the leading causes of death for women is metastatic breast cancer. Because most animal tumors do not accurately model clinical metastatic disease, the development of effective therapies has progressed slowly. In this study, we establish the poorly immunogenic mouse 4T1 mammary carcinoma as a postsurgical animal model. 4T1 growth characteristics parallel highly invasive human metastatic m...

cancer is one of the main cause of mortality in the world which appears by the effect of enviromental physico-chemical mutagen and carcinogen agents. the identification of new cytotoxic drug with low sid effects on immune system has developed as important area in new studies of immunopharmacology. curcumin is a natural polyphenol with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties...

abstractwe are reporting a 43-year-old female breast cancer case with a solitary metastatic adenocarcinoma in clivus. this patient with a stage ii (t1n1m0) breast cancer history has been followed for 7 years.  modified radical mastectomy (mrm) and 6 courses chemotherapy with cmf (cyclophosphamide, metotrexate, 5fu) regimen were done for her at the time of diagnosis. also, she took tamoxifen twe...

Radiotherapy is a standard treatment after conservative breast cancer surgery. However, cancers relapsing within a previously irradiated area have an increased probability to metastasize. The mechanisms responsible for this aggressiveness remain unclear. Here, we used the clinically relevant 4T1 breast cancer model mimicking aggressive local relapse after radiotherapy to identify differences be...

Cancer vaccination may be our best and most benign option for preventing or treating metastatic cancer. However, breakthroughs are hampered by immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed whether cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a ligand for stimulator of interferon genes (STING), could overcome immune suppression and improve vaccination against metastatic breast c...

Background/purpose The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that mechanical ventilation (MV) during cancer surgery induces lung stroma/tissue milieu changes, creating a favorable microenvironment for postoperative lung metastatic tumor establishment. Materials and methods In Protocol A, female BALB/c mice were divided into an MV group and a control (no MV) group, both of which were an...