BACKGROUND Gall bladder functions are modulated by neurones intrinsic to the organ. Data are available on the neurochemical composition of intrinsic and extrinsic nerves innervating the gall bladder but are lacking on specific functional classes of gall bladder neurones. AIMS To characterise the intrinsic motor neurones of the gall bladder and identify their roles using pharmacological techni...

The reduced metastability of biliary cholesterol in the gall bladder bile of patients with cholesterol gall stones has been well shown. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that such a difference in metastability already exists in hepatic bile. Paired hepatic and gall bladder bile samples were collected from 10 patients with cholesterol gall stones and six patients without ga...

The actual activity of ionised calcium (Ca2+) in gall bladder bile determined with an ion-selective electrode was significantly higher in patients with gall stone disease (n = 15) than in patients without gall stones (n = 10) (0.43 mmol/kg v 0.31 mmol/kg; p < 0.05). No change in the Ca2+ activity in any of the gall bladder bile samples was observed during equilibration with CO2. During titratio...

Ultrasonography examination revealed presence of gallstones and the patient electively decided to go for cholecystectomy. She had been diabetic for past 12 years and diabetes was controlled with combinations of drug, exercise and/or insulin injection as advised by her physician. Following cholecystectomy, gall bladder was taken to the laboratory and processed for routine histochemistry and immu...

The frequency of surgical exposure of the bile ducts and gall bladder has made the surgeon increasingly aware of the anatomic variations in these structures and their blood supply. The double gall bladder in man is a rare anomaly. Of the 103 previous reports of double gall bladders that are available to the author, only 68 occurrences of this anomaly were actually proved at operation or autopsy...

the organization of gall on the ovary ofsesamum indicum l induced by the gall midge, asphondylia sesami felt, not only affects biochemical equilibrium of the host but also causes disturbed vegetative growth and reduced seed-setting. the toxicity created by the gall maker induces the re-orientation of vasculature cecidogenetic stimuli lead to excessive hypertrophy and hyperplasy forming the gall...

The braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae mainly comprises idiobiont ectoparasitoids of other insect larvae. In recent years, however, members of a few genera have been discovered to be associated with galls from various unrelated host plant families, with some of these being gall inducers whereas others are suspected as being predators of gallers. Because of their considerable morphological diffe...

DUPLICATION of the gall iblader is 'a rare anomaly, Boyden (1926) finding two cases following 9,221 autopsies and a further three after review of 9,970 cholecystograms. Although it is a welldoicumen'ted abnormiality with over one hundred examples descriibed, the majority of these have been diagnosed only 'by radiological methods as the patienlts were not referred for surgery, (Golob and Kantor,...

10 Quantification of electroinactive dopants in conductive polypyrrole (PPY) films was performed with electrochemistry combined on-line with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (EC/ICP-AES). Anion (HSO4−) ejection out of a PPY film was first chosen as a model system and the results obtained with EC/ICP-AES were found to be comparable with values deduced by electrochemical qu...

Gall bladder is more likely to perforate in cases of obstruction leading to raised intra luminal tension. Non obstructive cholecystitis is unlikely to result in perforation. Perforation complicating acute acalculus cholecystitis is often seen in association with acute infections like pneumonia, viral influenza, and in particular with typhoid where the causative organism Salmonella typhii multip...