Influenza A viruses are a respiratory pathogen that cause annual epidemics as well as many well-known pandemics such as Russian flu (1889), Spanish flu (1918), Asian Flu (1957) and the recent Mexico swine flu (2009). The viral envelope, the hemagglutinin (HA), in particular HA1, confers the antigenic sites, receptor binding sites and induces immune response. HA1 of the H1 influenza consists of ...

Wheat (729.8 million tons) is second to rice as the main human food crop (FAO, 201415). In India, wheat is cultivated extensively in North-Western and Central zones. The area, production and productivity of wheat in India and Haryana during 2014-15 is 31.46 mha, 86.53 mt, 2749 kg ha -1 and 2.60 mha, 10.35 mt, 3980 kg ha -1 , respectively (Anonymous, 2014-15). Late sowing of wheat is a major pro...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nonlinear periodized (NLP) and linear periodized (LP) resistance training (RT) on muscle thickness (MT) and strength, measured by an ultrasound technique and 1 repetition maximum (1RM), respectively. Thirty untrained men were randomly assigned to 3 groups: NLP (n = 11, age: 30.2 ± 1.1 years, height: 173.6 ± 7.2 cm, weight: 79.5 ± 13.1 kg),...

It has been recognized that metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular-weight protein and can be induced by heavy metals in several organs. Most studies on MT focus on the liver and kidney, and little is known about MT in the bone marrow. In the present study, the characterization of the MT-like protein in bone marrow of rabbits was investigated after the injection of CdCl2. A dose of 8 x 10(-5) m...

The aim of this trial was to compare the effect complete replacement certain inorganic trace minerals with organic, chelated (Bioplex®, Selplex®; Alltech Inc, USA) against standard and reduced mineral levels in feed on performance health dairy cows during a 10-week (W0-W10) period. Three treatment groups, each containing 36 cows, were assigned one three diets that varied only composition: (1) I...

This research was performed to investigate the effects of milk thistle (MT), toxin binder (TB) and marine algae (Spirulina platensis; SP) on performance, blood indices, humoral immunity cecal microbiota broiler chickens exposed aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1). A total 300 one-day-old male chicks were equally divided into five treatments, with six replicates 10 birds per treatment. Dietary treatments includ...

The high affinity copper transporter 1 (Ctr1), metallothionein (MT) and glutathione reductase (GR) are essential for copper uptake, sequestration and defense respectively. Following rearing on a normal commercial diet (12.6+/-0.2 mg kg(-1) Cu), sea bream were fed an experimental control diet lacking mineral mix (7.7+/-0.3 mg kg(-1) Cu), an experimental diet enhanced with Cu (135+/-4 mg kg(-1) C...