Abstract. In northern rivers, turbulent water becomes supercooled (i.e. cooled to slightly below the freezing point) when exposed air temperatures. water, frazil (small ice disks) crystals are generated in column, and anchor starts form on bed. Two formation mechanisms have been reported literature: either by accumulation of suspended particles, which adhesive (sticky) nature, riverbed or situ ...

In this paper, we introduce bi-continuous random media morphology to describe the snow structure. Both analytical method and numerical method are used to study the scattering properties of bi-continuous media with discrete permittivities in the frequency of 18.7GHz. The bi-continuous medium is based on a continuous representation of interfaces between inhomogeneities within the medium [1]. The ...

Today’s physical oceanography and primary and secondary production was investigated for the entire Arctic Ocean (AO) with the physical-biologically coupled SINMOD model. To obtain indications on the effect of climate change in the twenty-first century the magnitude of change, and where and when these may take place SINMOD was forced with down-scaled climate trajectories of the International Pan...

Precise knowledge about the extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; c. 26.5-19 cal. ka BP) is important in order to 1) improve paleo-ice sheet reconstructions, 2) provide a robust empirical framework for calibrating paleo-ice sheet models, and 3) locate potential shelf refugia for Antarctic benthos during the last glacial period. However, reliable reconst...

Within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet, the relationship between radar-derived internal reflection horizons and the layered structure of the firn column is unclear. We conducted two small-scale ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in conjunction with 10m firn cores that we collected within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet. The two surve...

The ice nucleation characteristics of montmorillonite mineral dust aerosols with and without exposure to ammonia gas were measured at different atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities with a continuous flow diffusion chamber. The montmorillonite particles were exposed to pure (100%) and diluted ammonia gas (25 ppm) at room temperature in a stainless steel chamber. There was no signific...

Progress in the scientific application of space-based scatterometer data over the past two decades is reviewed. There has been continuous improvement in coverage, resolution, and accuracy. Besides the traditional applications in weather and ocean-atmosphere interaction, which are based on ocean surface wind vectors, emerging applications over land and ice are also described. Future missions and...