The role of previous treatment in the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission has not been adequately investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from previously treated patients (n = 88) from all regions of Syrian Arab Republic were characterized in terms of antibiotic sensitivity and genotyping using double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction (DRE-PCR) method for the proximity of...

This paper examines the impact of E-learning and the ICT in the Higher Education (HE) in Libya and UK. A comprehensive analysis of the problems linked to the use of e-learning and ICT in Libyan institutions is performed. It is obvious the pronounced information technology (IT) gap between Libya and the developed world due to social, political and economic conditions in an Arab country where the...

Cardiac arrhythmias, caused by disorders in the generation and transmission of cardiac impulses, is included among the heart disorders that cause inefficient blood circulation. The most commonly-used method for diagnosing this disorder is electrocardiography. In this study, we aimed to identify and diagnose different types of arrhythmia prevalent among the seemingly-healthy horses of Sanandaj C...

War on terrorism, as the motto which formed the cornerstone of global policies of former     neo-conservative administration of the United States, is increasingly becoming ineffective in Afghanistan with the dreaded consequence of spilling over into Pakistan. This inevitable consequence of War on    Terrorism in Afghanistan has brought the West face to face with the ‘nest of terrorism’ that CIA...

The League of Arab States (also known as the Arab League) is well past its sixth decade of establishment. However, it has a long way to go to achieve the objectives enumerated in its charter. In a sense, there is much stronger propensity towards disintegration than integration in the League. This article seeks to study the reasons that account for the failure of such integration in the Arab Lea...