Background: End stage Renal Disease (ESRD) has emerged as a major public health problem around the world. In recent decades, several important advances have been made in the therapy of hemodialysis (HD) with introduction of international guidelines to ensure the delivery of optimum care to HD patients. Increased mortality risk in HD patients unable to meet six targets in different areas of HD p...

BACKGROUND Chemical and microbial quality of water used in hemodialysis play key roles in a number of dialysis-related complications. In order to avoid the complications and to guarantee safety and health of patients therefore, vigorous control of water quality is essential. The objective of present study was to investigate the chemical and bacteriological characteristics of water used in dialy...

To the Editor: I am concerned about errors in simple statistical concepts in articles recently published in Circulation. First, I worry about the widespread use of the standard error of mean (SEM) to describe the variability of numerical data. Specifically, SEM was used in 30% of the clinical investigations and reports and in 76% of the basic science reports analyzed for this purpose (the first...