This review discusses the progress and ongoing efforts in optical refrigeration. Optical refrigeration is a process in which phonons are removed from a solid by anti-Stokes fluorescence. The review first summarizes the history of optical refrigeration, noting the success in cooling rare-earth-doped solids to cryogenic temperatures. It then examines in detail a four-level model of rare-earth-bas...

*1 Air-Conditioner Designing & Engineering Department, Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Division *2 Manager, Air-Conditioner Designing & Engineering Department, Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Division *3 Chief Staff Manager, Sales Department, Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Division *4 Professor, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu Univ...

In the recent times, the use of solar energy for the refrigeration purpose has been increasing day by day. Generally, solar used for cooling purpose has proposed many advantageous features in the refrigeration field. The cooling path is basically depends on the amount of solar radiation. The more amount of solar radiation directly increases the C.O.P. of the system. In this research paper, the ...

This paper presents the variation law of temperature in three-dimensional space, which is cooled by the refrigeration provided by the cold side of a semiconductor. The mathematical model of the temperature field of the semiconductor refrigeration device is described, and a numerical study on the temperature profile in a semiconductor refrigeration device was carried out using this model. The pr...

Aberrant false-positive reactions in negative-controls during ELISA testing for Clostridium difficile indicated the potential for false-diagnoses. Experiments with 96-well products showed a maximum peak of false-positive immunoassay reactions with the provided negative-control reagents after 5 refrigeration-to-room temperature cycles (P < 0.001), decreasing thereafter with additional refrigerat...