There are two dominant approaches towards understanding medieval Muslim philosophy: (1) Greek ancestry approach and (2) religiopolitical context approach. In the approach, philosophy is interpreted in terms of its relation to classical philosophy, particularly Plato Aristotle. The however, views a thorough religious political situation that time as key proper philosophy. Notwithstanding immense...

In the ‘false belief’ task (Wimmer and Perner 1983) autistics and three year olds attribute beliefs based on the objective truth of a situation in the world rather than what the person believes on the basis of available information. Several recalcitrant problems in philosophy are based on the same mistake in which philosophers take their own knowledge of the truth rather than the subject’s just...

explanation of the multiplicity of the world and the way it was created from the beginning of existence is one the concerns of philosophers, including mullā ṣadrā. the discourse of the emanation of multiplicity from unity would be totally different with respect to the apparent words of ṣadrā, who believes in the gradational unity of existence and according to his specific viewpoint, believing i...