We postulated that defective generation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by cells of newborn infants might underlie their deficiencies in upregulating neutrophil production and function during bacterial infection. To test this, we isolated monocytes from the blood of preterm neonates, term neonates, and adults and, after stimulation with various concentrations of interleukin-1 a...

BACKGROUND Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a protein that stimulates differentiation, proliferation, and survival of cells in the granulocytic lineage. Recently, a neuroprotective effect of G-CSF was reported in a model of cerebral infarction and we previously reported the same effect in studies of murine spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of the present study was to elucidate t...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a protein rich fluid contained within the brain ventricles. It is present during early vertebrate embryonic development and persists throughout life. Adult CSF is thought to cushion the brain, remove waste, and carry secreted molecules(1,2). In the adult and older embryo, the majority of CSF is made by the choroid plexus, a series of highly vascularized secretory re...

letter to the editor

The data presented here are related to the research article entitled "Age predicts cytokine kinetics and innate immune cell activation following intranasal delivery of IFNγ and GM-CSF in a mouse model of RSV infection" (Eichinger et al., 2017) [1]. The cited manuscript demonstrated that the macrophage-stimulating cytokine, interferon gamma (IFNγ), but not granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulati...

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates the in vitro proliferation and differentiation of granulocytic and macrophage cells. This regulator is now known to act at other levels of hemopoietic regulation. The heterogeneity of GM-CSFs is not only related to the tissue of origin and the in vitro production method, but also to functional subclasses of the molecule that h...

Survivin, which is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, was found originally in immature cells and cancer cells but not in non-neoplastic adult tissues. The subsequent identification of four other alternative splice variants that possess distinct functions and localizations suggested the diverse roles of survivin isoforms. An unspecified isoform of survivin was found recently ...

Disturbed sleep during affective episodes may impact levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-amyloid-beta (Aβ)42 and other biomarkers neurodegeneration in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). The study aimed to investigate the correlations between for Alzheimer's disease (AD) BD healthy controls (HC). We present a prospective, longitudinal case-control euthymic (N = 86) HC 44). All participants wer...

Electrophysiological studies have been performed on cultured neurons isolated from the fetal (or newborn) rat or mouse central nervous system (CNS) (Barker and Ransom, 1978a, b; Mathers and Barker, 1980). Recently, several reports have appeared describing the electrophysiologi cal properties of acutely dissociated neurons from the adult mammalian CNS (Kay and Wong, 1986; Kiskin et al. 1986a, b;...