The clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is included in the collective term advanced practice nurse. Preparation of the CNS involves completion of a graduate program with a clinical focus, specialty certification, and state-defined requirements for licensure.The trauma CNS demonstrates advanced clinical knowledge based on an in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of trauma combined with exten...

iran is one of the countries with a high rate of accident casualties in highways and cities. we are amongst the pioneers in accident related deaths and casualties in the world. in just 2014, road and highway casualties and fatalities were 315,719 and 17,994 respectively. motorcycles passengers and pedestrians are the main victims of these casualties. definitely, by appropriate measures, the suf...

The American College of Surgeons' Advanced Trauma Life Support procedure teaches that blind nasotracheal intubation should be performed in the presence of a suspected or proven cervical spine injury in an unconscious but breathing patient who requires an artificial airway. We studied a group of non-anaesthetically trained graduates of the Advanced Trauma Life Support course and examined their s...

INTRODUCTION Advanced life support (ALS) is thought to be associated with improved survival in prehospital trauma care when compared with basic life support (BLS). However, evidence on the benefits of prehospital ALS for patients with trauma is controversial. Therefore, we aim to clarify if ALS improves mortality in patients with trauma when compared with BLS by conducting a systematic review a...

BACKGROUND Blunt implementation of Western trauma system models is not feasible in low-resource communities with long prehospital transit times. The aims of the study were to evaluate to which extent a low-cost prehospital trauma system reduces trauma deaths where prehospital transit times are long, and to identify specific life support interventions that contributed to survival. METHODS In t...

BACKGROUND In several Iranian provinces, there are large numbers of landmines that threaten the lives of many civilians. Ilam is one of the most polluted areas with 1,086 injuries from landmines between 1989 to 1999, with an overall mortality rate of 36.4%. A remarkable number of deaths occurred before the injured were conveyed to the hospital. In this survey, the effects of on trauma outcome o...