Ground-based measurements of the solar transmission and sky radiance in a horizontal plane through the Sun are taken in several geographical regions and aerosol types: dust in a desert transition zone in Israel, sulfate particles in Eastern and Western Europe, tropical aerosol in Brazil, and mixed continental/maritime aerosol in California. Stratospheric aerosol was introduced after the eruptio...

[1] The new Level 3 aerosol profile data derived from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) provide a multiyear global aerosol distribution with high vertical resolution. We analyzed seasonal and diurnal variations of the vertical distributions of aerosol properties represented by 5-year CALIPSO data. Results show that dust, smoke, and polluted dust ar...

Two basic methods have been used to relate the change in droplet number concentration to aerosol number concentration. The first method uses empirically derived relationships based on either observed aerosol number concentrations and droplet concentrations or observed aerosol sulfate or droplet mass concentrations and droplet number concentrations. This method was followed by Jones et al. (1994...

[1] Forcing by absorbing atmospheric black carbon (BC) tends to heat the atmosphere, cool the surface, and reduce the surface latent and sensible heat fluxes. BC aerosol can have a large impact on regional climates and the hydrologic cycle. However, significant uncertainties remain concerning the increases in (1) the total amount of all aerosol species and (2) the amount of aerosol absorption t...

PURPOSE We determined whether polyethylenimine (PEI), a polycationic DNA carrier, can be used to deliver the interleukin (IL) 12 gene by aerosol to treat established osteosarcoma (OS) lung metastases in a nude mouse model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor response was assessed using our OS lung metastases model. Treatment with aerosolized PEI containing the murine IL-12 gene (PEI:IL-12; 600 microl P...

background: the primary objective of this study was to determine the association between risk factors and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder (msd) among auto repair mechanics in klang valley, malaysia. methods: overall, 191 mechanics from eight auto repair centers in klang valley, malaysia were stratified sampling as participants of this study. a modified version of the general standard...

[1] Simulated aerosol fields from a coupled aerosol/atmospheric circulation model that includes prediction of both sulfate aerosol size and number are evaluated. Sensitivity tests are used to evaluate uncertainties due to the inclusion of primary emitted particulate sulfate as a means of representing nucleation of particles in subgrid-scale plumes, the use of two boundary layer aerosol nucleati...

43 The new level 3 aerosol profile data derived from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and 44 Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) provide multi-year global 45 aerosol distribution with high vertical resolution. We analyzed seasonal and diurnal 46 variations of the vertical distributions of aerosol properties represented by this 47 CALIPSO data for the period of five years. Results show t...

BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for an improved understanding of the sources, distributions and properties of atmospheric aerosol in order to control the atmospheric pollution over northeastern Himalayas where rising anthropogenic interferences from rapid urbanization and development is becoming an increasing concern. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An extensive aerosol sampling program was...

Given significant challenges with available measurements of aerosol acidity, proxy methods are frequently used to estimate the acidity of atmospheric particles. In this study, four of the most common aerosol acidity proxies are evaluated and compared: (1) the ion balance method, (2) the molar ratio method, (3) thermodynamic equilibrium models, and (4) the phase partitioning of ammonia. All meth...