This study builds on the literature on the economics of output quotas in the presence of cheating. We extend previous work by Giannakas and Fulton (2000a) by examining the decisions of the agency responsible for the enforcement of output quotas in a decentralized policy-making structure. Enforcement policy design is modeled as a sequential game between the agency that determines the enforcement...

AIM The aim of this study was to examine a causal model of self-care agency by exploring the relationship between the structure of "body self-awareness" and the structure of the Instrument of Diabetes Self-Care Agency (IDSCA). METHODS The participants were 353 patients with diabetes. The internal consistency of the six items for body self-awareness was examined by calculating the factor struc...

Due to differences in governance structure, training, applicable polices, legal requirements and culture, the nature of operations vary based on agency, county, population, leadership, etc. This leads to serious challenges during multi-agency response to emergencies. The different agencies are required to work together to effectively and efficiently respond to an emergency incident. The paper c...

We develop a dynamic tradeoff model to examine the importance of manager-shareholder conflicts in capital structure choice. In the model, firms face taxation, refinancing costs, and liquidation costs. Managers own a fraction of the firms’ equity, capture part of the free cash flow to equity as private benefits, and have control over financing decisions. Using data on leverage choices and the mo...

This paper argues that morality is what links structure to agency and that this perspective supports Giddens’ point of view that the agency–structure linkage entails not dualism but duality. These claims will be supported by bringing together four mediating concepts to address both how structures come to being and what the substance of structure is. First, John Searle’s concept of deontic power...

The virtual agency concept is now used within the United States Government as an alliance approach to manage large research and development (R&D) processes across departments. This paper examines the history of the virtual agency concept and its important characteristics. The paper identifies the potential benefits and associated risks involved in managing R&D within a virtual agency. Three cas...

the measurement of rts amounts measures a relationship between inputs and outputs in a production structure. there are many different ways to calculate rts in primal or dual space. but in more realistic cases, governments usually intervene on dmu’s behavior as regulatory agency, this clearly represent a set of limitations and restrictions on behaviors of dmus, so very few decisions in dmus are ...