Conventional heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have traditionally used the temperature and the humidity ratio as the quantitative indices of comfort in a room. Recently, the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has also been recognized as having an important contribution to room comfort. This paper presents the modeling of an augmented HVAC system including CO2 concentrati...

Optimum design of air condition in surgical operating theatres requires more careful and refined control of flow and temperature characteristics to achieve sterile and comfort conditions. The present work is devoted to analyze the performance of HVAC system design in practical operating theatre in 1200-beds of Egyptian modern teaching hospital. The present experimental program comprises field m...

sustainable and energy efficient design issues are key to the way good buildings are designed in the 21st century. no building designer today should be without the basic skills offered by the unique multidisciplinary studies of architectural design, based on energy use in buildings. however, this paper is focusing of effect of air movement on human comfort, as a key element of building design. ...

Exercise I. Optimization of a heater. We want to optimize the temperature T of a room Ω by the mean of a heater ! whose heat flux v ∈ L(!) is controlled. An air stream of velocity u fills the room. We assume that the air is incompressible, that is u is assumed to be divergence free. Moreover, u is also assumed to be regular. The temperature on the boundary of the room is equal to the external t...

An efficient copper-catalyzed method for N-arylation of amines has been developed with part-per-million catalyst loadings at room temperature under air. Reactions of substituted (E)-1-(2-halophenyl)alkanone oximes with aliphatic amines or aromatic amines provided the N-arylation products in good to excellent yields.

A series of copper complexes (3-6) stabilized by 1,2,3-triazole-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene ligands have been prepared via simple reaction of imidazolium salts with copper powder in good yields. The structures of bi- and trinuclear copper complexes were fully characterized by NMR, elemental analysis (EA), and X-ray crystallography. In particular, [Cu2(L2)2](PF6)2 (3) and [Cu2(L3)2](PF6)2 (4...

ABSTRACT Most office buildings in Germany have either no mechanical ventilation system or a centralized ventilation system with fresh and exhaust air supply. Within the last 10 years some projects using decentralized ventilation systems (DVS) came up. Common for this type of decentralised systems is that they take fresh air directly from outside through the facade via the DVS into the room. Wit...

This paper studies the heating load and thermal comfort distribution in a typical office with a mixed radiant and convective heating system for two different locations of radiant heat sources. Accurately estimating the heating load in a mixed heating space requires careful consideration of the energy balance on each room surface and the comfort level in the space. A pure radiant heating system ...

Large numbers of people live or work at high altitude, and many visit to trek or ski. The inevitable hypoxia impairs physical working capacity, and at higher altitudes there is also cognitive impairment. Twenty years ago oxygen enrichment of room air was introduced to reduce the hypoxia, and this is now used in dormitories, hotels, mines, and telescopes. However, recent advances in technology n...

ir conditioning as we know it, providing thermal comfort by mechanical methods, first appeared in buildings about a hundred years ago. The ability to control temperature, humidity and air purity made urban development possible in the most inhospitable of locations. Together with electric lighting, air conditioning also eliminated restrictions on plan form and fenestration that architects had be...