Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for diverse cellular processes, is present in almost every cell or tissue of higher organisms. BH4 has well-defined functions in terms of enzymatic activities (BH4 is a crucial cofactor for the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and all isoforms of nitric oxide synthase [NOS]) but has other less-defined functions in cells. BH4 is a growth or prolif...

Until the last decade or so, many intracellular signaling pathways were viewed as processes in which second messengers diffused uniformly through a well-mixed milieu of the cell’s cytoplasm to reach their targets. Although it was recognized that the cell’s interior was compartmentalized, this compartmentalization was believed to be largely defined by internal membranes, such as the nuclear enve...

Obesity has emerged recently as a major epidemic and is turning out to be a key driving force for the rapid escalation not just in the rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but of cardiovascular disease as well. It is estimated that currently 300 000 deaths per year are attributable to obesity1 in the United States, with a significant proportion being attributable to cardiovascular events.2 It is ...

Heart morphogenesis is a complex process that involves orchestration of cardiac cell commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Much progress has been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate these events during normal development. However, the role of chromatin modification for heart development has received comparatively little attention, despite the fa...

Does induction of labor (IOL) increase the rate Cesarean section? This is not an uncommon question, and it impossible to provide answer. because question incomplete. The complete would be: associated with a higher section compared …….? answer depends on what filled in gap. If spontaneous labor, IOL consistently observed be than those women labor.1, 2 gap by ‘expectant management’, there increas...

Viral bronchiolitis is one of the most common reasons for infant hospitalization in United States. Despite morbidity attributable to disease, there are no generally recommended therapeutic strategies other than supportive care.1 The pull vacuum surrounding this disease has been noted pages journal at least 50 years, with Wright and Beem2 writing 1965 that “energies should not be frittered away ...

Despite advances in screening and management, more than half amillionAmericanswill die fromcancer this year. Observational studies indicate that many of these patients will receive aggressive treatments near the end of life,1,2 raising concerns about deleterious effects on quality of life and costs,3 alongwith questions about what factors contribute to this unfortunate pattern. Given that patie...

Race and Sex Differences in the Effects of Dietary Potassium Intake on the Risk of Stroke To the Editor: We read with great interest the 2 articles by Fang et al1 and Bazzano et al2 on the association between dietary potassium intake and stroke mortality. The study by Fang et al has revealed an inverse association between hazard of stroke death and dietary potassium intake in hypertensive men a...

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a distinct lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by lymphadenopathy with angiofollicular hyperplasia and plasma cell infiltration. Patients typically have fever associated with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory symptoms, peripheral edema, cytopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and high levels of serum C reactive protein (C...

To the Editor: Prehospital use of CPAP reduces the mortality and intubation rate for patients with acute respiratory failure especially due to acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.1 Although it is considered in guidelines, the need for additional trained health workers, special equipment, and clinical evidence for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness limits widespread use.1,2 The Boussignac CPAP f...