alternate of the usurped property is a compensation paid to the owner after unavailability of usurped property. the iranian civil code, following the islamic scholars' famous view, has principally accepted the payment of this compensation but is silent as far as duties and rights of owner and usurper are concerned; hence the judge's obligation to refer to valid verdicts (fatawa) in this regard....

Considering the vulnerability of double-layer grid space structures to progressive collapse phenomenon, it is necessary to pay special attention to this phenomenon in the design process. Alternate path method is one of the most appropriate and accepted methods for progressive collapse resistant design of structures. Alternate Path Method permits local failure to occur but provides alternate pat...

The Alborz coal basin is located in northern part of Iran. The coal deposits of Shahrood in eastern Alborz, Zirab in central Alborz and Abyek in western Alborz were studied as typical coalfields of the basin. Shemshak Formation which is the main coal-bearing sequence was formed during the Triassic-Jurassic in the basin. It consists of sandstone, siltstone, shale and claystone, which variedly al...

Climate change is affecting water resources in the Mediterranean region. In olive orchards, irrigation use efficiency could be increased by accounting for trees’ alternate bearing behaviour and growth-stage sensitivity to drought. The main objective of this study examine tree phenology, morphology physiology “on” “off” productive years improvement scheduling. A regulated (RDI) a sustained (SDI)...