Ni–Mn–Ga based ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) have emerged as a promising new class of active materials capable of producing a large (several %) magnetic-field-induced strain (MFIS). FSMAs still have several characteristic shortcomings that may limit their potential applications. A threshold field of 2 to 4 kOe must be overcome to initiate twin boundary motion and a larger field is r...

The hysteresis properties of ferromagnetic materials at low field are described by the Rayleigh law. We analyze the problem in the light of modern statistical mechanics models of hysteresis. In particular, we compute the demagnetization curve and derive the Rayleigh parameters a and b in the random-field Ising model and in a model of domain wall depinning. In the random-field Ising model the Ra...

This research includes of the numerical modeling of fluids in two-dimensional cavity. The cavity flow is an important theoretical problem. In this research, modeling was carried out based on an alternating direction implicit via Vorticity-Stream function formulation. It evaluates different Reynolds numbers and grid sizes. Therefore, for the flow field analysis and prove of the ability of the sc...