β-Carotene (BC), β-cryptoxanthin (CX) and α-carotene (AC) are common carotenoids that form retinol. The amount of retinol (vitamin A) formed from carotenoid-rich foods should depend chiefly on the bioavailability (absorption and circulation time in the body) of carotenoids from their major food sources and the selectivity and reactivity of carotene cleavage enzymes towards them. The objective o...

Various natural carotenoids seem to be valuable for cancer prevention, and these carotenoids may be more suitable in combinational use, rather than in single use. In fact, we have proven that combinational use of natural carotenoids resulted in significant suppression of liver cancer. Patients of viral hepatitis with cirrhosis were administered with beta-cryptoxanthin-enriched Mandarin orange j...

To promote understanding of how organisms are related via carotenoids, either evolutionarily or symbiotically, or in food chains through natural histories, we built the Carotenoids Database. This provides chemical information on 1117 natural carotenoids with 683 source organisms. For extracting organisms closely related through the biosynthesis of carotenoids, we offer a new similarity search s...

Carotenoid pigments are a widespread source of ornamental coloration in vertebrates and expression of carotenoid-based colour displays has been shown to serve as an important criterion in female mate choice in birds and fishes. Unlike other integumentary pigments, carotenoids cannot be synthesized; they must be ingested. Carotenoid-based coloration is condition-dependent and has been shown to b...

Carotenoid pigmentation in birds’ plumage is considered an honest indicator of phenotypic quality, and thus a target of sexual selection. But carotenoids also fulfill essential physiological functions, and therefore, carotenoids should only appear in plumage if they are in excess of those needed physiologically. We explored the presence of carotenoid-based plumage coloration in columbids and it...

In an age of climate change, researchers need to form a deepened understanding of the determinants of environmental concern, particularly in countries of emerging economies. This paper provides a region-specific investigation of the impact of socio-economic status (SES) and objective environmental conditions on environmental concern in urban Brazil. We make use of data that were collected from ...

OBJECTIVE The first democratic government elected in South Africa in 1994 inherited huge inequalities in health status and health provision across all sections of the population. This study set out to assess, 4 years later, the influence of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on perceived quality of care from health care providers. DESIGN A 1998 countrywide survey of 3820 households assessed ...

10 Astaxanthin is the dominant carotenoid pigment found in the marine copepod, Tigriopus 11 californicus (Baker), giving these animals orange-red coloration. Like all metazoans, T. 12 californicus must convert carotene or hydroxy-carotenoids present in their algal diet to 13 astaxanthin. Other astaxanthin-pigmented crustaceans have been shown to use a precursor14 specific bioconversion pathway ...