The 3',5'-cAMP-adenosine pathway (3',5'-cAMP→5'-AMP→adenosine) and the 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway (2',3'-cAMP→2'-AMP/3'-AMP→adenosine) are active in the brain. Oligodendrocytes participate in the brain 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway via their robust expression of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase; converts 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP). Because Schwann cells also express CNPase, it i...

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor: it responds to an increase in AMP concentration ([AMP]) or the AMP-to-ATP ratio (AMP/ATP). Metformin and phenformin, which are biguanides, have been reported to increase AMPK activity without increasing AMP/ATP. This study tests the hypothesis that these biguanides increase AMPK activity in the heart by increasing cytosolic [...

The FindEM particle picking program was tested on the publicly available keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) dataset, and the results were submitted for the "bakeoff" contest at the recent particle picking workshop (Zhu et al., 2003b). Two alternative ways of using the program are demonstrated and the results are compared. The first of these approximates exhaustive projection matching with a full s...

We have analyzed a series of mutants derived from a KLH-specific, I-E-restricted T hybridoma (FN1-18) which have lost antigen-reactivity while retaining both T cell receptor idiotypic determinants and the ability to respond to Con A. The variants have not gained any detectable alloreactivity, nor is there an obvious lesion in the mutants' beta chain DNA containing the utilized beta chain genes....

The photoaffinity analog 2-azido-AMP was found to be a potent allosteric inhibitor of pig kidney fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. UV-induced covalent incorporation of 2-azido-[8-3H]AMP fully inactivated the enzyme at a level stoichiometric with its subunit composition (4 mol of analog/mol of tetramer). The photoincorporation and inactivation were prevented by the presence of AMP but not by the subs...

Abstract. Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (CIMS) using I− (the iodide anion), hereafter I-CIMS, as a primary reactant ion has previously been used to measure NO3 and N2O5 both in laboratory field experiments. We show that reports of large daytime mixing ratios (both usually present detectable amounts only at night) are likely be heavily biased by the ubiquitous presence HNO3 troposphere l...

This paper concerns the calculation of equilibrium composition plasma mixture Air Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3 and CO in temperatures range 1000 K to 6000 K. We supposed that is at atmospheric pressure local thermodynamic (ETL). In Saharan zone, aerosols are proven from desert dust biomass fires. They essentially composed oxides silicon, calcium, iron, aluminum carbonaceous elements biomass. Thus, air ci...

Specific IgG and IgM responses to soluble egg antigen (SEA) and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) were measured by ELISA in patients with acute and chronic schistosomiasis. The tests based upon IgM and IgG antibodies responses to KLH presented the best diagnostic discrimination, and can be used in conjunction with clinical and epidemiological data to the differential diagnosis of acute schistoso...