a 16 year old female was referred to an oral and maxillofacial radiologist for evaluation of a radiolucent area at mesial radicular aspect of right maxillary central incisor which was detected accidentally during pre-orthodontic treatment check ups. clinical examination showed no particular signs or symptoms except for slightly tenderness to lateral percussion. second radiograph with altered ho...

anterior cruciate ligament (acl) reconstruction surgery has significantly evolved in recent years. this has led to development of new technologies that facilitate the diagnosis of acl injury and the application of state of the art methods for treatment. in particular, individualized anatomical acl reconstruction aims to restore native acl function. treatment is tailored to each patient based on...

Embryological development of the biliary tract is a complex process and may result in various anatomic variations. The classification commonly used in the literature for the assessment of biliary tract variations, was developed by Huang et al. [1]. This classification has five types (●" Table1) based on the point of opening of the right posterior branch [2]. In this case study of a patient who ...

191 Background: Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) corrects for the interfractional movements of the target/CTV. However, the anatomic changes of CTV, and movements of the adjacent organs, are not accounted for. By modifying an online adaptive radiation technique proposed by Li, we have clinically deployed a daily "real-time treatment planning" (RTP) technique for treatment of primary prosta...

An anatomic variation is described in which the principal radiculomedullary artery to the cervical spinal cord, the artery of the cervical enlargement, arises directly from the left subclavian artery. This anomaly is important clinically because it may be necessary to catheterize this vessel selectively during spinal arteriography, and also because unintentional injection of this vessel can be ...

gallbladder torsion is a rare surgical emergency that can not be differentiated from acute cholecystitis.this condition occurs primarily in elderly women,although it may be encountered in early adulthood of both sexes.the anatomic background is based on variation in the attachment of the gallbladder to the inferior surface of the liver,if a patient with the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis dose...

In recent years, the study of gross neuroanatomy and its relationship to behavior and brain function has been reenergized by the advent of imaging techniques and the powerful computational tools with which to analyze high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) brain images (10,11,22,52,53). However, such high technology tools often demand that scientific questions be restated and made more amenable ...

Striking variations in brain structure, especially in the gyral patterns of the human cortex, present fundamental challenges in human brain mapping. Probabilistic brain atlases, which encode information on structural and functional variability in large human populations, are powerful research tools with broad applications. Knowledge-based imaging algorithms can also leverage atlased information...