The creation of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is widely regarded as an improvement in the system of patent litigation in the United States. However, there is still support for the creation of a specialized patent court at the trial level. Much of the support for the creation of such a court derives from the argument that most judges have too little experience to be familiar with ...

The standard of review analysis for judicial review of administrative action developed by the Supreme Court of Canada before Dunsmuir v New Brunswick had two important features. First, it provided a bulwark against interventionist judges, thereby protecting the autonomy of administrative decision makers and promoting deference. Second, it was substantive, rather than formal, and moved the focus...

The civil justice system has been in a constant flux in the past decades due to changes in society and litigants’ behaviour, as well as the increased factual and legal complexity of cases. The number of cases has been steadily increasing in many countries while the available budget required for more judicial staff, improving judicial case management, digitalisation of processes, and the require...

This paper explores three competing accounts of judicial review by comparing the enacting and invalidating coalitions for each of the fifty-three federal statutes struck down by the Supreme Court during its 1981 through 2005 terms. When a Republican judicial coalition invalidates a Democratic statute, the Court’s decision is consistent with a partisan account, and when a conservative judicial c...

background a gunshot wound to the lower extremity with combined skeletal and vascular injuries can be difficult to manage. in clinical practice, it is not always possible to assemble a multispecialty team to work seamlessly to attain this goal, and the end result may be unnecessary prolonged ischemic time. a covered endovascular stent (evs) can be used initially to restore perfusion without nee...

This chapter surveys the economic literature on judicial appeals and collegiality of courts. More general issues concerning judicial administration and court organization are surveyed in a companion chapter. JEL classification: K4

We use an agency model to analyze the impact of judicial review on the incentives of elected leaders to “posture” by enacting bold but ill-advised policies. We find that judicial review may exacerbate posturing by rescuing leaders from the consequences of unwise policies, but may also discourage posturing by alerting voters to unjustified government action. We further find that judges will defe...

Abstract Many Canadian Muslim couples are hesitant to resort civil legal processes and attempt resolve their disputes within the religious community. Islamic law’s exclusion of non-Muslim judges from holding judicial authority in certain family law matters limits feasibility aligning commands with court orders. By extrapolating contemporary opinions ( fatāwā , sing. fatwā ) issued by institutio...

nano technology has a large number of applications in different fields of science and technology. nano particle are the tiny particles which are being used in upcoming technology due to their small size and high capability. the properties of nanoparticles depend largely on their synthesis procedures. there are different methods for the synthesis of nano particles using different conditions. in ...