Given the central role that the internet plays in modern life, internet bandwidth should be considered a scarce resource, demanding careful consideration as to how we consume it to maximize its utility. Global internet traffic is predicted to increase nearly threefold between 2016 and 2021, and the proportion of video traffic is expected to rise from 73 to 82 over the same period [1], driven i...

The struggle among social classes or castes is well known in humans. Here, we show that caste inequality similarly affects societies of ants, bees and wasps, where castes are morphologically distinct and workers have greatly reduced reproductive potential compared with queens. In social insects, an individual normally has no control over its own fate, whether queen or worker, as this is sociall...

the current study investigates the concept of educational justice as well as principles for the distribution of educational good from the view points of john rawls as the representative of liberalism and michacl walzer as the representative of communitarianism. to this end, the current study has applied methods of conceptual analysis as well as comparative analysis. the obtained results show th...

: the purpose of this study is to identify the gender differences in identity styles, commitment and quality of friendship. for this reason, 400 high school students from 19 educational regions in tehran (males –females) are chosen randomly. three scales are administrated: identity style inventory-six grade (white et al, 1998), quality of friendship (hejazi, zohrevand, 1380) and socio-metric qu...

Introduction uring a licensing deal (i.e. license of a patent protecting a product), several methods are commonly used to determine what is intended to be a “fair” royalty rate. It is even recommended to combine several methods in order to cross-check that there is no discrepancy between one method and another. These methods fall into three typical groups [1-4]: (i) comparison with previous sim...

Next, we show that ∂zπL(x,z,y)|z=x =−qL(y)γ(y), where γ(y)> 1 for all y. ∗Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, School of Economics, Guoding Road 777, 200433 Shanghai, China, Email: [email protected] †Sung-Buk Ku An-am Dong 5-1, Seoul 136-701, Korea, Email: [email protected] ‡Institute of Economic Theory I, Humboldt University at Berlin, Spandauer Str. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany,...