Eye movements are elicited by a viewer’s taskoriented contextual situation (top-down) and the visual environment (bottom-up). The former and its computability were investigated by measuring a subjects ’ eye movements while identical graphs were viewed under different mental frameworks. The prerequisite conditions for predicting task-oriented attention from the visual environment were determined.

A significant problem in automatic scene interpretation is the ability to perform contextually meaningful segmentation of both static and moving images using a bottom-up approach. We examine and propose an extension to Kadir and Brady’s Scale Saliency Algorithm for quantifying temporal saliency and performing automatic spatial and temporal scale selection.

The significant jump in world crude oil price over the past year has raised great concern over the economic impact that such a price shock may bring about on Taiwan’s economy, which has been characterized by extremely high import-oil dependence. Previous analyses have been tackling similar issue from several different angles, but it has rarely been discussed from a complete view of interactions...

Building upon a recent study that showed windbreaks to be effective in increasing the power output of a wind turbine, the potential of windbreaks in a large wind farm is explored using simplified formulations. A top-down boundary layer approach is combined with methods of estimating both the roughness effects of windbreaks and the induced inviscid speed-up for nearby turbines to investigate pow...

Assessments of digital services wishing to take into account an energy footprint of the Internet typically require models of the energy intensity of the Internet. A common approach to the modeling of the energy intensity is to combine estimates of market surveys of installed network devices on a national or global scale and their related power consumption with the total data volume transported ...

This paper studies budget processes, both theoretically and experimentally. We compare the outcomes of bottom-up and top-down budget processes. It is often presumed that a top-down budget process leads to a smaller overall budget than a bottom-up budget process. Ferejohn and Krehbiel (1987) showed theoretically that this need not be the case. We test experimentally the theoretical predictions o...

Most process research relies heavily on the use of terms and concepts whose validity depends on a variety of assumptions to be met. As it is difficult to guarantee that they are met, such work continually runs the risk of being invalid. We propose a different and complementary approach to understanding process: Perform all description bottom-up and based on hard data alone. We call the approach...

In South Africa, up to 70% of children of school-going age with disabilities are out of school. Of those who do attend, most are still in separate, “special” schools for learners with disabilities. This situation prevails despite the push for the educational inclusion of learners with disabilities over twelve years ago by the South African policy document, the Education White Paper 6. In this a...