Animal testing is mandatory in drug and the gold standard for toxicity efficacy evaluations. This situation expected to change future as 3Rs principle, which stands replacement, reduction, refinement of use animals science, reinforced by many countries. On other hand, technologies alternatives animal have increased. The need develop depends on complexity research topic also extent currently use...

Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary College, University of Nairobi, Kenya, 1 Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 6N307, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, KIN 6N5, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2A9, Department of Biolo...

Anikó Marshall, Jessica Santollo, Caroline Corteville, Thomas A. Lutz, and Derek Daniels Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zu...

Katsuo SETO, Takashi HIGUCHI and Masazumi KAWAKAMI 2nd Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama (Chairman : Professor Masazumi Kawakami) Michiko TAKESHIMA and Makiko KON Biochemical Division, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Center Research Institute, Atsugi Mizuko YAMAJI and Tsuneyuki TSUDA Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University...

Introduction There are major differences in the anatomy and physiology of the ophthalmic system of various animal species when compared to man. These differences reflect the differences in living conditions, behavioral characteristics, environmental diversity and diets of the various animals. The pig has both similarities and differences from humans and this manuscript will describe the anatomy...

in the mouse: principles, progress, and prospects In vivo assessment of neurocardiovascular regulation You might find this additional info useful... intact animal to the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels. It is published 12 times a year (monthly) by the American lymphatics, including experimental and theoretical studies of cardiovascular function at all levels of organization ranging ...

Numerous animal studies have revealed significant effects of sex and sex hormones on normal lung development, lung physiology, and various lung diseases. The primary goal of this review is to summarize knowledge to date on the effects of sex and sex hormones on lung development, physiology, and disease in animals. Specific emphasis will be placed on fibrosis, allergic airway disease, acute lung...

Juan Carlos Robles, Michael Sturek, Janet L. Parker, and Cristine L. Heaps Michael E. DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices and Departments of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station; and Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute...

Abstract A central goal of synthetic biology is to predictably and efficiently reprogram living systems perform computations carry out specific biological tasks. Although there have been many advances in the bio-computational design systems, these mainly applied microorganisms or cell lines; programming animal physiology remains challenging for because system complexity. Here, we present a bact...

Movements are a consequence of an individual's motion and navigational capacity, internal state variables and the influence of external environmental conditions. Although substantial advancements have been made in methods of measuring and quantifying variation in motion capacity, navigational capacity and external environmental parameters in recent decades, the role of internal state in animal ...